Recognition of Herbivory-Associated Molecular Patterns

Induced volatiles of Medicago truncatula: molecular diversity and mechanistic aspects of a multiproduct sesquiterpene synthase from M. truncatula

“…Such defensive strategies can be classifi ed as direct defences, which immediately exert a negative impact on herbivores, or indirect defences, which include organisms from higher trophic levels. [1][2][3] The indirect defences work by attracting the herbivores' enemies, such as parasitoids or predators, which actively reduce the number of feeding herbivores. Both strategies can be either constitutive or inducible as a response to infection to herbivory.…”

The Study of Herbivory and Plant Resistance in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems

“…Another possible implication of the exotic nature of many crop-pest interactions relates to plant defenses triggered by the release of specific elicitors in insect oral secretions (so-called herbivore-associated molecular patterns, or HAMPs). The presence of HAMPs in the oral secretions of insects is viewed as an outcome of the "350 million-year period of coexistence, plants, insects, and other arthropods" (i.e., an outcome of coevolution) [14]. If this is the case, what level of specificity is to be expected in HAMP-mediated responses of crop plants to pests with which they share no history of coevolution?…”

“…Kogan [1] appeared to believe the application of IPI theory to crop plant-pest interactions to be a relatively straightforward matter, and he presents an extended discussion of the application of optimal defense theory to crop-pest interactions. Other reviews, including reviews more recent than Kogan's, often discuss crop-pest interactions in the context of IPI theory [e.g., [14][15][16], even if they do not attempt detailed applications of plant defense hypotheses to crop-pest interactions.…”

Serine/threonine protein phosphatases: Multi-purpose enzymes in control of defense mechanisms

“…4,13 PPPs are proposed to be involved in the signal transduction pathway of this response. 10,11 Our microarray analysis by the MIPS FunCat database supported this hypothesis by revealing that 34 cantharidin-affected genes of Arabidopsis belong to wounding-response genes.…”