Recognizing the Benefits of Pre-/Probiotics in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Considering the Influence of Akkermansia muciniphila as a Key Gut Bacterium

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are diseases that can be influenced by the structure of gut microbiota, whose improvement is often neglected in metabolic pathology. This review highlights the following main aspects: the relationship between probiotics/gut microbes with the pathogenesis of MetS, the particular positive roles of Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in the onset of MetS, and the interaction between dietary polyphenols (prebiotics) with gut microbiota. Therefore, an extensive and in-depth analysis of the often-neglected correlation between gut microbiota and chronic metabolic diseases was conducted, considering that this topic continues to fascinate and stimulate researchers through the discovery of novel strains and their beneficial properties.

Effects of probiotic supplementation on metabolic syndrome components in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients – a case-control study

“…The effect of probiotics on glucose metabolism in various mice models and suitable human epithelial cell lines was assessed by several studies 30,31 all highlighting a decrease in fasting or postprandial glucose and HbA1c after probiotics intake. Probiotic yogurt intake was demonstrated to considerably enhance glucose metabolism in some studies on probiotics, while other studies did not present any improvements 14,32 .…”

“…Previous published data have demonstrated the essential role of gut microbiota in influencing the functioning of gut metabolism like lipids, proteins and carbohydrates decomposition, energy and nutrients absorption and gut motility 10,11 . Recent research associates MS with particular disorders in gut microbiota [12][13][14] . It was also suggested that probiotic intake has a positive impact on some clinical elements of MS 14 .…”

“…Recent research associates MS with particular disorders in gut microbiota [12][13][14] . It was also suggested that probiotic intake has a positive impact on some clinical elements of MS 14 . The bacteria generating beneficial effects for animals and for humans are usually known as probiotics.…”

Akkermansia muciniphila, a New Generation of Beneficial Microbiota in Modulating Obesity: A Systematic Review

“…In 5 domains: reporting, external validity, internal validity (bias), internal validity (confounding), and power, 27 items were included in the checklist. After evaluation, the studies were classified into: excellent (between 26-28), good (between (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), fair (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and poor (less than 14) according to their scores.…”

“…In the context of obesity, type 2 diabetes and inflammation, eCB is an essential regulatory system reported to include glucose and energy metabolism [22]. Human and animal trials showed a positive correlation between A. muciniphila intervention and obesity and metabolic disorders [23]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that A. muciniphila can be involved in anti-cancer immune therapy [24] and may prevent from atherosclerosis [25].…”