Recognizing the reversible nature of child-feeding decisions: Breastfeeding, weaning, and relactation patterns in a shanty town community of Lima, Peru

Marquis, Grace S; Diaz, Judith; Bartolini, Rosario; Creed-Kanashiro, Hilary; Rasmussen, Kathleen M.

doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00130-0

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Self-selection bias occurs when children are weaned because they became repeatedly ill or grew improperly while breastfed. Although, it has been reported that self-selection or reverse causation can also create bias in the opposite direction, with some mothers less likely to wean sick children [17]. These biases can be reduced by the following four methods: (1) exclusion of deaths or episodes occurring within the first 7 days of life; (2) exclusion of infants and young children from non-singleton and/or premature births and those with low birth weight, congenital abnormalities, and any other serious illnesses unrelated to the outcome of interest; (3) identification of breastfeeding exposure immediately prior to the onset of illness or mortality as opposed to that concurrent with outcome; (4) assessment of whether weaning was a direct consequence of illness or poor growth and exclusion of such infants or young children if their inclusion significantly changes the effect measure [18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality

et al. 2011

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BackgroundLack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age and no breastfeeding among children 6-23 months of age are associated with increased diarrhea morbidity and mortality in developing countries. We estimate the protective effects conferred by varying levels of breastfeeding exposure against diarrhea incidence, diarrhea prevalence, diarrhea mortality, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization for diarrhea illness.MethodsWe systematically reviewed all literature published from 1980 to 2009 assessing levels of suboptimal breastfeeding as a risk factor for selected diarrhea morbidity and mortality outcomes. We conducted random effects meta-analyses to generate pooled relative risks by outcome and age category.ResultsWe found a large body of evidence for the protective effects of breastfeeding against diarrhea incidence, prevalence, hospitalizations, diarrhea mortality, and all-cause mortality. The results of random effects meta-analyses of eighteen included studies indicated varying degrees of protection across levels of breastfeeding exposure with the greatest protection conferred by exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age and by any breastfeeding among infants and young children 6-23 months of age. Specifically, not breastfeeding resulted in an excess risk of diarrhea mortality in comparison to exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age (RR: 10.52) and to any breastfeeding among children aged 6-23 months (RR: 2.18).ConclusionsOur findings support the current WHO recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life as a key child survival intervention. Our findings also highlight the importance of breastfeeding to protect against diarrhea-specific morbidity and mortality throughout the first 2 years of life.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality

et al. 2011

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“…In contrast, Richards et al (2002, p. 207) Once the body has equilibrated isotopically to dietary change, newly formed tissues will reflect the isotopic composition of the new diet. However, the unpredictable and reversible nature of feeding practices during the weaning process does complicate this model (e.g., Marquis et al, 1998). The rates of bone modeling and remodeling (following Frost, 1973a,b) will affect how quickly this newly formed tissue can be detected isotopically.…”

Section: Age-related Differences In Isotopic Composition: Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trophic level and macronutrient shift effects associated with the weaning process in the postclassic Maya

Williams

White

Longstaffe

2005

American J Phys Anthropol

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The weaning process was investigated at two Maya sites dominated by Postclassic remains: Marco Gonzalez (100 BC-AD 1350) and San Pedro (1400-AD 1650), Belize. Bone collagen and bioapatite were analyzed from 67 individuals (n < or = 6 years = 15, n > 6 years = 52). Five isotopic measures were used to reconstruct diet and weaning: stable nitrogen- and carbon-isotope ratios in collagen, stable carbon- and oxygen-isotope ratios in bioapatite, and the difference in stable carbon-isotope values of coexisting collagen and bioapatite. Nitrogen-isotope ratios in infant collagen from both sites are distinct from adult females, indicating a trophic level effect. Collagen-to-bioapatite differences in infant bone from both sites are distinct from adult females, indicating a shift in macronutrients. Oxygen-isotope ratios in infant bioapatite from both sites are also distinct from adult females, indicating the consumption of breast milk. Among infants, carbon- and nitrogen-isotope ratios vary, indicating death during different stages in the weaning process. The ethnohistoric and paleopathological literature on the Maya indicate cessation of breast-feeding between ages 3-4 years. Isotopic data from Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro also indicate an average weaning age of 3-4 years. Based on various isotopic indicators, weaning likely began around age 12 months. This data set is not only important for understanding the weaning process during the Postclassic, but also demonstrates the use of collagen-to-bioapatite spacing as an indicator of macronutrient shifts associated with weaning.

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“…These linkages have been demonstrated particularly in both cross-sectional studies [7,8] and longitudinal models [9]. Both designs have strong weight behind determination of causation and had a significant confirmation of the link between feeding practices and growth of a child leading to strong internal consistency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Impact of Food Fortification on Child Growth and Development during Complementary Feeding

Okeyo¹

2018

Ann Nutr Metab

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There appears to be increasing evidence of the relationship between infant feeding practices and growth during infancy. Effective complementary feeding has demonstrated an observable positive effect on the linear growth of a child within the first 24 months of life. It appears that improved complementary feeding is directly proportional to the linear growth of a child. Fortification of commonly used food vehicles provides an opportunity for increasing nutrient intake during infancy and has the potential to improve growth and development dimensions. This review scanned through 186 articles from common search engines, mainly PubMed, BioMed Central, and Google Scholar. The result based on a systematic review of articles which met the minimum selection criteria identified milk, iodine, maize meal porridge, and vegetable oils as recurring fortification vehicles in the context of complementary feeding. A significant impact of fortification on linear and cognitive growth was demonstrated recurrently across the included empirical studies. However, the review reflects outcomes that still do not demonstrate direct cause and effect relationships but rather implied meaning in the relationship matrix.

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Recognizing the reversible nature of child-feeding decisions: Breastfeeding, weaning, and relactation patterns in a shanty town community of Lima, Peru

Cited by 30 publications

References 26 publications

Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality

Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality

Trophic level and macronutrient shift effects associated with the weaning process in the postclassic Maya

Impact of Food Fortification on Child Growth and Development during Complementary Feeding

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