Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines

Ferreira, Marcos Roberto Alves; Moreira, Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia; Cunha, C. E.; Mendonça, Marcelo; Salvarani, Felipe Masiero; Moreira, Ângela Nunes; Conceição, Fabrı́cio R.

doi:10.3390/toxins8110340

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(186 reference statements)

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“…105 Recombinant vaccines may offer advantages compared with conventional toxoid vaccines in the future. 106 C perfringens vaccination strategies based on species, age, and animal use are provided in Table 3.…”

Section: Prevention Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants

Simpson

Callan

Metre

2018

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Clostridial abomasitis and enteritis are important alimentary diseases observed in all domestic ruminant species. These diseases most commonly result from overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens types A, B, C, D, and E with the associated release of bacterial exotoxins that result in necrosis of the abomasal or intestinal mucosa. Clostridium difficile may also be associated with enteritis in calves but is much less common than disease caused by C perfringens. This article reviews the causes, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridial gastrointestinal diseases in ruminants. Particular emphasis is given to describing the various forms of disease and treatment of individual cases.

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Section: Prevention Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants

Simpson

Callan

Metre

2018

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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“…C. perfringens is ubiquitous in the intestine of ruminants (FERREIRA et al, 2016). However, sudden diet changes may alter the microbiota and favor its overgrowth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the affected herd had no history of vaccination against clostridiosis. According to Ferreira et al (2016), vaccines against alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are the best prophylactic measures to avoid enterotoxemia in farm animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because it is a potentially fatal disease that develops as an outbreak, enterotoxemia generates substantial economic losses worldwide (MOREIRA et al, 2016). Vaccination is the most efficient way to control clostridiosis (FERREIRA et al, 2016). In Brazil, there are few reports on the natural occurrence of enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens type D in sheep (PIMENTEL et al, 2010;RISSI et al, 2010;LIRA et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreak of Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep

Salvarani

Faccin

Freitas

et al. 2019

SCA

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This work describes the first Brazilian laboratory-confirmed outbreak of enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D in sheep, which occurred in the state of Paraná. We address the epidemiological aspects involved, the diagnostic modalities employed, and the clinical signs and pathological findings observed. Eight healthy pregnant female sheep with no history of vaccination for clostridiosis presented with a history of abrupt feeding changes and neurological manifestations that quickly evolved to illness, coma and death. Four other females with clinical neurological signs were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina Sector. These animals presented with lethargy, motor incoordination, opisthotonus, pedal movements, muscle tremors, spastic paralysis, bruxism, mandibular trismus, sialorrhea, hyperexcitability and the inability to stand. They were examined and euthanized due to the seriousness of the clinical picture with an unfavorable prognosis. We performed gross anatomical and microscopic analyses of the organs and intestinal contents. We also performed bacterial isolation with molecular typing. From the intestinal contents, we detected toxins by means of the seroneutralization technique in mice. At necropsy, we noted pulmonary edema (2/4), necrotizing enteritis (4/4) and hyperemia of the leptomeninges (1/4). Microscopically, we observed lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia, necrotic enteritis associated with the presence of rods, and nephrosis with interstitial lymphohistiocytic nephritis. No significant brain lesions were observed. Using serum neutralization, we identified epsilon toxin in the intestinal contents of all four animals. C. perfringens type D was identified. Based on the history, clinical signs, postmortem findings, and laboratory confirmation of the presence of epsilon toxin, we concluded that C. perfringens type D enterotoxemia caused this outbreak of sheep deaths.

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“…C. perfringens has been shown to produce 18 toxins: alpha (CPA), beta (CPB), epsilon (ETX), iota (CPI), enterotoxin (CPE), theta/perfringolysin O (PFO), beta-2 (CPB2), TpeL, NetB, NetF, BecA/B, NanI, NanJ, kappa, mu, lambda, clostripain, and delta toxin. C. perfringens strains can be divided into five types (A to E) based on the production of four major extracellular toxins (α, β, ε, and ιA) [ 158 ]. C. perfringens types B and D produce the epsilon toxin, which is considered the third most powerful clostridial toxin.…”

Section: Detection Of Selected Protein Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Methods of Detection and Quantification of Protein Toxins

Duracova

Klimentová

Fučíková

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of compounds that share commonalities with biological and chemical agents. Among them, protein toxins represent a considerable, diverse set. They cover a broad range of molecular weights from less than 1000 Da to more than 150 kDa. This review aims to compare conventional detection methods of protein toxins such as in vitro bioassays with proteomic methods, including immunoassays and mass spectrometry-based techniques and their combination. Special emphasis is given to toxins falling into a group of selected agents, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxins, Bacillus anthracis toxins, Clostridium botulinum toxins, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, ricin from Ricinus communis, Abrin from Abrus precatorius or control of trade in dual-use items in the European Union, including lesser known protein toxins such as Viscumin from Viscum album. The analysis of protein toxins and monitoring for biological threats, i.e., the deliberate spread of infectious microorganisms or toxins through water, food, or the air, requires rapid and reliable methods for the early identification of these agents.

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Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines

Cited by 38 publications

References 113 publications

Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants

Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants

Outbreak of Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep

Proteomic Methods of Detection and Quantification of Protein Toxins

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