We have constructed and cloned in bacteria recombinant DNA molecules containing DNA sequences coding for the precursor of the a subunit of thyrotropin (pre-TSH-a). Double-stranded DNA complementary to total poly(A)+RNA derived from a mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor was prepared enzymatically, inserted into the Pst I site of the plasmid pBR322 by using poly(dC)-poly(dG) homopolymeric extensions, and cloned in Escherichia coli x1776. Cloned cDNAs encoding pre-TSH-a were identified by their hybridization to pre-TSH-a mRNA as determined by cell-free translations of hybrid-selected and hybrid-arrested RNA. The nucleotide sequences oftwo cDNAs (510 and 480 base pairs) were determined with chemical methods and corresponded to much of the region coding for the a subunit and the 3' untranslated region of pre-TSH-a mRNA. The sequence of the 5' end of the mRNA was determined from cDNA synthesized by using total mRNA as template and a restriction enzyme DNA fragment as primer. Together these sequences represented >90% of the coding and noncoding regions of full-length pre-TSH-a mRNA, which was determined to be 800 bases long. The amino acid sequence of the pre-TSH-a deduced from the nucleotide sequence showed a NH2-terminal leader sequence of24 amino acids followed by the 96-amino-acid sequence ofthe apoprotein of TSHa. There is greater than 90% homology in the amino acid sequences among the murine, ruminant, and porcine a subunits and 75-80% homology among the murine, equine, and human a subunits. Several regions of the sequence remain absolutely conserved among all species, suggesting that these particular regions are essential for the biological function of the subunit. The successful cloning of the a subunit of TSH will permit further studies of the organization of the genes coding for the glycoprotein hormone subunits and the regulation of their expression.