Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 2

Close, Bryony; Banister, Keith; Baumans, V.; Bernoth, Eva‐Maria; Bromage, Niall; Bunyan, John; Erhardt, Wolff; Flecknell, P. A.; Gregory, N.; Hackbarth, Hansjoachim; Morton, David B.; Warwick, Clifford

doi:10.1258/002367797780600297

Cited by 461 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The experiment lasted 16 weeks. At the conclusion of the experiment the birds were weighed and 8 randomly selected turkeys from each group were killed according to the recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals (Close et al, 1997). As soon as possible after euthanasia, the colons were extracted and after gently expelling the intestine's content, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 o C until testing.…”

Section: Birds and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mannanoligosaccharides or flavomycin in turkeys diets: effect on mucosa-associated microflora and growth performance

Wasilewska¹,

Ratowska²,

Bielecka³

et al. 2010

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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Maintaining gut health and well balanced intestinal microflora is important for the profitable production of high quality poultry. We investigated the impact of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) in comparison with flavomycin on turkeys performance and intestinal colonization by harmful and beneficial microflora. Two hundred forty turkeys (four replicates of 12 birds per treatment) were fed on diet supplemented with flavomycin (8 mg/kg feed) or with low (1g/kg feed during the entire study), medium (4 and 2 g/kg feed in the first and second 8-week periods, respectively) and high (10 and 4 g/kg feed in the first and second 8-week periods, respectively) level of MOS. Basal diet without supplements was applied as control. After 16 weeks of feeding, the animals were sacrificed and microbial populations (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, streptococci, Escherichia coli and other enterobacteria) attached to the colonic epithelium were assessed. Moreover, colonic epithelia were washed to remove the bound microorganisms and examined for their susceptibility for colonization by exogenous probiotic and pathogenic strains in vitro. In all experimental groups the reduction of the bacteria attached to the epithelium was found, except for increase of streptococci in flavomycinreceiving group and bifidobacteria in flavomycin and MOS-receiving groups. Higher doses of MOS had stimulating effect on body weight gain. In vitro studies revealed a great potential of MOS to reduce attachment of enterobacteria and in higher doses to enhance adhesion of Bifidobacterium and selected Lactobacillus strains (P<0.05). MANNANOLIGOSACCHARIDES FOR TURKEYS

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Section: Birds and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mannanoligosaccharides or flavomycin in turkeys diets: effect on mucosa-associated microflora and growth performance

Wasilewska¹,

Ratowska²,

Bielecka³

et al. 2010

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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“…Even when a proof of principle in the laboratory has been given, machines for use in the hatcheries have to be developed that are fast, reliable, and cheap, and that not affect hatchability or the health and performance of the laying hens (Kaleta and Redmann 2008). The preferred method would be to determine sex before incubation, as embryonic development has then not yet started (Close et al 1997;Weissmann et al 2013). Techniques to determine sex in the second half of 39 the incubation period have already been developed, but have not been put into practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Public Survey on Handling Male Chicks in the Dutch Egg Sector

Gremmen

Bruijnis

Blok

et al. 2018

J Agric Environ Ethics

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In 2035 global egg demand will have risen 50% from 1985. Because we are not able to tell in the egg whether it will become a male or female chick, billons of one day-old male chicks will be killed. International research initiatives are underway in this area, and governments encourage the development of an alternative with the goal of eliminating the culling of day-old male chicks. The Netherlands holds an exceptional position in the European egg trade, but is also the only country in the European Union where the downside of the egg sector, the practice of killing day-old male chicks, is a recurrent subject of societal debate. 'Preventing the killing of young animals' and 'in ovo sex determination' are the two alternative approaches available to solve this problem. It is clear that both approaches solve the problem of killing day-old male chicks, either by keeping them alive or by preventing them from living, but they also raise a lot of new animal welfare-related dilemmas. A thorough analysis was undertaken of these dilemmas and the results are presented in this article. The analysis resulted in an ethical framework based on the two main approaches in bioethics: a consequentialist approach and a deontological approach. This ethical framework was used to develop an online survey administered to ascertain Dutch public opinion about these alternative approaches. The results show that neither alternative will be fully accepted, or accepted by more than half of Dutch society. However, the survey does provide an insight into the motives that are important for people's choice: food safety and a good treatment of animals. Irrespective of the approach chosen, these values should be safeguarded and communicated clearly.

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“…Red squirrels were individually marked with numbered ear tags (10 x 2 mm, type 1003 S National Band and Tag Co, Newport, Kentucky, U.S.A.) and immediately released. For alien squirrels, trapping was carried out within a European Community LIFE Project (LIFE09 NAT/IT/00095 EC-SQUARE) with the goal of eradicating the alien species in Italy, thus Pallas's squirrels and grey squirrels were euthanized using CO2, following EC and AVMA guidelines (Close et al 1996;Close et al 1997;Leary et al 2013). Faeces found in the trap were collected, placed in tubes with 2.5% aqueous (w/v) potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution, aerated for sporulation and stored at 4-8°C for later examination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%