Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 1990

Mountford, P. J.; Temperton, D.H.

doi:10.1007/bf00184120

Cited by 74 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Monte Carlo simulations should be considered a more accurate method for determining patient dose but unfortunately could not be done in our study [64]. It should also be noted that according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), effective dose should be calculated for reference male and female individuals with the reference body size and anatomy defined by the ICRP [8]. As the effective dose itself is a quantity defined for a "hypothetical" individual and conversion factors were intended to be used for population radiation protection, there is no "true" effective dose [16].…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 97%

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DNA double-strand breaks as potential indicators for the biological effects of ionising radiation exposure from cardiac CT and conventional coronary angiography: a randomised, controlled study

et al. 2012

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The effective dose, expressed in SI units of millisieverts (mSv), is a parameter meant to reflect the risk of ionising radiation [8]. Risks are extrapolated from cancer risks in Japanese atomic bomb survivors [9] and may not reflect the effects from low doses used in medical procedures [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA double-strand breaks as potential indicators for the biological effects of ionising radiation exposure from cardiac CT and conventional coronary angiography: a randomised, controlled study

et al. 2012

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“…The output information of PCXMC was as follows: organ doses, effective doses and REID for all the X-ray examinations of the six age groups for male and female patients. The program was able to calculate the effective dose with both the present tissue-weighting factors of ICRP Publication 103 (Valentin, 2007) and ICRP Publication 60 (Mountford and Temperton, 1992).…”

Section: Organ Doses Effective Dose Calculation and Reid Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of radiation risk to pediatric patients undergoing conventional X-ray examinations

Nahangi

Chaparian

2015

Radioprotection

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-Increasing concern has been expressed in the literature that the knowledge of physicians regarding the radiation risk values incurred during different radiological examinations is inadequate. This study determined the amount of organ doses and the radiation risks involved in pediatric radiology in terms of the age and sex of patients. The X-ray examinations of the chest, abdomen, pelvis and skull in patients of six age groups (newborn, 1-, 5-, 10-and 15-year-old, and adult) were investigated. Exposure data of 480 patients were collected from four radiology departments and then Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE) values for standard patients in the six age groups as well as five X-ray examinations were measured. By using these practical data, the risk of exposure-induced cancer death (REID) values were estimated based on the risk models of the BEIR VII committee. It was shown that the differences in REID values in male and female patients were statistically significant for the chest and pelvis X-ray examinations. The X-rays of the abdomen, chest and pelvis have the highest REID values in 15-, 10-and 15-year-old patients, respectively. The results obtained can help physicians to make suitable decisions about the execution and justification of every X-ray examination in the different age groups. This information will help to prevent either overestimation or underestimation of radiation risks.

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“…The use of radiolabeled compounds in humans is also required to comply with the principles of As Low As Reasonably Acceptable (ALARA). International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [55] have modified the World Health Organization (WHO) exposure categories and made required the calculation of effective dose (E) [56]. This extrapolation of parameters obtained from preclinical mass balance studies to human organs is further based on the following factors:…”

Section: Human Dosimetry Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Balance Studies in Animals and Humans

Lin¹,

Heimbach²,

Gollen³

et al. 2012

Encyclopedia of Drug Metabolism and Interactions

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Before first‐in‐human (FIH) studies with a new drug candidate, preclinical studies need to be conducted to fulfill regulatory requirements or to facilitate regulatory approval. In the United States, investigational new drug (IND) applications with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may include IND enabling studies, such as (i) in vitro and in vivo pharmacology studies for intended use, (ii) toxicology studies supporting the starting dose and duration of an FIH study (such as single‐ or multiple‐dose studies in one rodent and nonrodent species with toxicokinetics, genotoxicity battery, safety pharmacology battery), (iii) single‐dose pharmacokinetics (PKs) in one rodent and nonrodent species, (iv) in vitro plasma protein binding in relevant species, and (v) in vitro cross species metabolism study in relevant species. While not mandatory for IND submissions, comprehensive preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies, including biotransformation or metabolite profiling, conventional mass balance, or tissue distribution by quantitative whole‐body autoradiography (QWBA) studies can make a submission package more compelling for progression toward phase I clinical studies. Typically, preclinical ADME together with mass balance studies are recommended before conducting human ADME and mass balance studies, which are generally initiated after the successful synthesis of the radiolabeled drug. For preclinical ADME species, the selection of doses is often based on pre‐existing toxicity information and targeted therapeutic doses. For human ADME studies, which include the evaluation of mass balance, a relevant dose in the anticipated therapeutic range is typically chosen. Conventional mass balance studies only allow the calculation of mass recovery and PK parameters of the radiolabeled drug by quantification of the radioactivity present in excreta such as urine, feces, or bile. Nowadays, these mass balance studies are often conducted as part of more comprehensive ADME studies, where additional information is obtained, including (i) PK properties of the drug and its metabolite(s) in blood or plasma; (ii) absorption estimates via plasma/blood data, urinary data, or fecal data; (iii) elimination pathways and drug metabolism; (iv) total drug exposure and its metabolites in different organs and tissues at different time intervals. In this chapter, fundamental scientific considerations for the successful design, conduct, and interpretation of conventional, basic mass balance and more comprehensive ADME studies are reviewed and discussed.

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Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 1990

Cited by 74 publications

References 3 publications

DNA double-strand breaks as potential indicators for the biological effects of ionising radiation exposure from cardiac CT and conventional coronary angiography: a randomised, controlled study

DNA double-strand breaks as potential indicators for the biological effects of ionising radiation exposure from cardiac CT and conventional coronary angiography: a randomised, controlled study

Assessment of radiation risk to pediatric patients undergoing conventional X-ray examinations

Mass Balance Studies in Animals and Humans

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