Recommendations of the working group of the Anatomische Gesellschaft on reduction of formaldehyde exposure in anatomical curricula and institutes

Waschke, Jens; Bergmann, M. B.; Bräuer, Lars; Brenner, Erich; Buchhorn, Andreas; Deutsch, Arlette; Dokter, Martin M; Egu, Desalegn Tadesse; Ergün, Süleyman; Fassnacht, Ulrich; Fietz, Daniela; Gundlach, Stefanie; Heermann, Stephan; Hirt, Bernhard; Kugelmann, Daniela; Müller‐Gerbl, Magdalena; Neiss, Wolfram F.; Nimtschke, Ute; Plendl, Johanna; Pretterklieber, Michael L.; Redies, Christoph; Scaal, Martin; Schmidt, Mirko H. H.; Schmiedl, Andreas; Schnittler, Hans-Joachim; Schomerus, Christof; Sebestény, T.; Spittau, Björn; Steiniger, Birte; Tschernig, Thomas; Unverzagt, Axel; Viebahn, Christoph; Voigt, Ernst; Weigner, Janet; Weyers, Imke; Winkelmann, Andreas; Winkler, Merle; Paulsen, Friedrich

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2018.10.007

Cited by 29 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…One may hypothesize that some of these fixatives are necessary to retain the desired bactericidal and fungicidal effects. Waschke et al (2019) mention that PE forms part of their embalming protocol and that PE is being used for humidifying cadavers without the additional use of formaldehyde. This recommendation confirms the experience in Otago for conservation purposes over the last two decades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The assessment of formaldehyde has led to a number of measures in order to minimize its use and exposure in the dissection room (Thullner et al, 2015; Waschke et al, 2019), and to the introduction of alternatives to the classic formaldehyde‐based embalming (Blum, 1896). Technical and administrative attempts were made to abandon formaldehyde from the dissection room at varying success rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenoxyethanol‐Based Embalming for Anatomy Teaching: An 18 Years' Experience with Crosado Embalming at the University of Otago in New Zealand

Crosado

Löffler

Ondruschka

et al. 2020

Anatomical Sciences Ed

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Embalming fixatives such as formaldehyde and phenol have been associated with occupational health hazards. While anatomists aim at replacing these chemicals, this seems presently unfeasible in particular for formaldehyde. Furthermore, fixation protocols usually require well-equipped facilities with highly experienced staff to achieve good fixation results in spite of only a minimal use of formaldehyde. Combining these aspects, a technique robust enough to be carried out by morticians is presented, resulting in durable tissues with minimal formaldehyde use. An embalming protocol involving phenoxyethanol was established, using concentrations of 7 and 1.5 Vol% of phenoxyethanol in the fixative and the conservation fluid, respectively. Visual, haptic, histological, and biomechanical properties and their perceived potential to positively influence student learning outcomes were compared to standard embalming techniques. The phenoxyethanol technique provides esthetic, durable, and odorless tissues. Bleaching is less pronounced compared to ethanol-or formaldehydebased protocols. The tissues remain pliable following the phenoxyethanol-based embalming and can be used for biomechanical experiments to some extent. Phenoxyethanol-fixed tissues are well suited for undergraduate teaching with perceived positive learning outcomes and partly for postgraduate training. Phenoxyethanol tissues provide the option to obtain well-preserved histology samples, similar to those derived from formaldehyde. The provided protocol helps replace the use of phenol and formaldehyde for conservation purposes and minimizes the use of formaldehyde for the initial injection fixation. Phenoxyethanol-based embalming forms an effective alternative to standard embalming techniques for human cadavers. It is simple to use, allowing fixation procedures to be carried out in less sophisticated facilities with non-anatomy staff. Anat Sci Educ 0: 1-16.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenoxyethanol‐Based Embalming for Anatomy Teaching: An 18 Years' Experience with Crosado Embalming at the University of Otago in New Zealand

Crosado

Löffler

Ondruschka

et al. 2020

Anatomical Sciences Ed

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show abstract

“…Human exposure to formaldehyde, however, has health risks, including carcinogenesis (IARC 2006). To reduce the risks associated with formaldehyde, newly developed protocols and aerosol sampling have been implemented (Thullner et al 2015, Waschke et al 2019. In our studies, we are very aware of the risks of formaldehyde and have investigated fixation methods both without or with as little as possible (Janczyk et al 2011a, b, Klopfleisch et al 2012.…”

Section: Technique Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practicable approach to providing horses in a standing position for teaching gross anatomy and surgery

Plendl¹,

Richardson²,

Dietze³

et al. 2019

PHK

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Lifelike simulation of surgical procedures as well as whole body dissections of horses in a natural standing position are superior as they show the normal topographic visceral interrelationships between organs, their ligamentous associations, vasculature and innervation. This short technical communication reports on the fixation of small-frame horses in a standing position on a mobile frame. Animals are euthanased using standard veterinary protocols and heparinised to facilitate exsanguination. All steps including the embalming procedures/ protocols, the support of the body with fabric body harnesses, and additional means to place and hold the body in an as natural position as possible are described in detail. Following these procedures, animals were dissected over a time period of three-months and exposed tissue surfaces were swabbed weekly to determine their ongoing microbial status. No adverse effects, such as aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, yeast, or mould growth were found.Citation: Plendl J., Richardson K. C., Dietze K., Weigner J., Hünigen H. (2019) A practicable approach to providing horses in a standing position for teaching gross anatomy and surgery. Pferdeheilkunde 35, 537-540;

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“…; Waschke et al. ). Consequently, there is an increasing opposition to FA and other chemicals, whereas ‘green chemistry’ is promoted (Rocha Ferreira et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, the toxicity of FA for practitioners and for the environment is well established (Duong et al 2011;Waschke et al 2019). Consequently, there is an increasing opposition to FA and other chemicals, whereas 'green…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward safer thanatopraxy cares: formaldehyde‐releasers use

et al. 2019

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Human cadavers constitute very useful educational tools to teach anatomy in medical scholarship and related disciplines such as physiology, for example. However, as biological material, human body is subjected to decay. Thanatopraxy cares such as embalming have been developed to slow down and inhibit this decay, but the formula used for the preservation fluids are mainly formaldehyde (FA)‐based. Very recently, other formulas were developed in order to replace FA, and to avoid its toxicity leading to important environmental and professional exposure concerns. However, these alternative FA‐free fluids are still not validated or commercialized, and their efficiency is still under discussion. In this context, the use of FA‐releasing substances, already used in the cosmetics industry, may offer interesting alternatives in order to reduce professional exposures to FA. Simultaneously, the preservation of the body is still guaranteed by FA generated over time from FA‐releasers. The aim of this review is to revaluate the use of FA in thanatopraxy cares, to present its benefits and disadvantages, and finally to propose an alternative to reduce FA professional exposure during thanatopraxy cares thanks to FA‐releasers use.

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Recommendations of the working group of the Anatomische Gesellschaft on reduction of formaldehyde exposure in anatomical curricula and institutes

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Phenoxyethanol‐Based Embalming for Anatomy Teaching: An 18 Years' Experience with Crosado Embalming at the University of Otago in New Zealand

Phenoxyethanol‐Based Embalming for Anatomy Teaching: An 18 Years' Experience with Crosado Embalming at the University of Otago in New Zealand

A practicable approach to providing horses in a standing position for teaching gross anatomy and surgery

Toward safer thanatopraxy cares: formaldehyde‐releasers use

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