Reconciliation Sentiment Among Victims of Genocide in Rwanda: Conceptualizations, and Relationships with Mental Health

Mukashema, Immaculée; Mullet, Étienne

doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9563-1

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Overall, the present findings were consistent with the previous ones (López López et al, 2013 and similar to those of Nadler and Liviatan (2006) among Jewish students living in Israel and of Staub, Pearlman, Gubin, & Hagengimana (2005), Mukashema and Mullet (2010), Heim and Schaal (2014) in Rwanda, and Arnoso Martinez, Cardenas Castro, and Páez Rovira, (2015) in Chile. In all cases, the damage caused was severe, but the political situation had objectively improved as a result of the demobilization and of the peace process).…”

Section: Always Forgivesupporting

confidence: 93%

Colombian People’s Willingness to Forgive Offenses against Women Perpetrated during the Armed Conflict

Marín

Muñoz-Sastre

Villamarín

et al. 2019

RLP

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We examined the Colombian people's positions on forgiving perpetrators of offenses against women during the armed conflict, and the relationship between willingness to forgive and attitudes towards the peace process. The majority of participants (61%) were quite unwilling to forgive. Among participants who were not completely hostile, three positions were found. For 18%, forgiving mainly depended on the type of crime, for 8%, it depended on the subsequent apologetic behaviour, and for 8%, forgiving was unconditional. Participants who did not reject the possibility of forgiveness expressed significantly more positive views regarding the current peace process than participants who expressed rejection. Disposición a perdonar de los colombianos frente a los crímenes cometidos contra las mujeres durante el conflicto armado colombianoResumen Este estudio examinó la disposición a perdonar de personas comunes colombianas frente a los crímenes en contra de las mujeres, durante el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano. También estudió las relaciones entre la disposición a perdonar y las actitudes frente al proceso de paz. Se observó que la mayoría de los participantes (61%) tienen muy baja disposición a perdonar. Entre los participantes que no fueron completamente hostiles, se observaron tres posiciones: un 18% estaba dispuesto a perdonar en función del tipo de crimen, para el 8% su disposición a perdonar dependía de la conducta de disculpas por parte del ofensor, y para el 8% el perdón fue incondicional. Los participantes que no rechazaban la posibilidad de perdonar, expresaron de manera significativa perspectivas más positivas frente al actual proceso de paz que los aquellos quienes expresaron rechazo.

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Section: Always Forgivesupporting

confidence: 93%

Colombian People’s Willingness to Forgive Offenses against Women Perpetrated during the Armed Conflict

Marín

Muñoz-Sastre

Villamarín

et al. 2019

RLP

Self Cite

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“…A negative, although weak, association was found between intergroup forgiveness and mental health. Mukashema and Mullet (2010) examined the relationship between reconciliation sentiment and mental health among 194 primary victims of the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda. A positive association was found between interpersonal reconciliation sentiment (i.e., the renewed capacity to interact again on a daily basis with former opponents) and mental health.…”

Section: Dispositional Forgiveness and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispositional Forgiveness and PTSD Among Iranian Veterans of the 1980–1988 War

Nateghian

Dastgiri

Mullet

2014

Journal of Loss and Trauma

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The relationship between dispositional forgiveness, empathy, and hope, on the one hand, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), on the other hand, was examined among Iranian veterans of the Iran-Iraq 1980-1988 conflict. Participants were administered the Forgivingness Questionnaire (measuring lasting resentment, sensitivity to the circumstances of the offense, and unconditional forgiveness), the Empathy Quotient Scale (assessing cognitive empathy, social skills, and emotional reactivity), the Hope Scale (assessing personal feelings of agency and ability to find pathways), and the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It was found that the higher the PTSD score, the higher the lasting resentment score and the lower all of the other scores, particularly agency and sensitivity to circumstances. The association between forgivingness and PTSD was still significant once empathy and hope levels were controlled for.The relationship between direct, personal experience of combat during war and the development of psychiatric disorders or psychological maladjustment has been systematically investigated for many years. Empirical data

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“…Research in South Sudan prior to the recent conflict found probable PTSD rates of 36–48% [3–5], and women with more trauma exposure had less optimistic views of the probability of peace [6]. Studies in Rwanda, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kosovo, and Cambodia have found that people with PTSD have less positive attitudes toward trials for people suspected of atrocities [7], less positive beliefs in a communal or interdependent vision of the future [7, 8], more feelings of revenge and hatred and less willingness to forgive or reconcile [9–14], less satisfaction with punishment of perpetrators, apologies by perpetrators, and remuneration for suffering [13], and are more likely to endorse violent means of ending conflict [15]. In contrast, one study in Afghanistan did not find a relationship between PTSD symptoms and feelings of hatred [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress disorder, trauma, and reconciliation in South Sudan

López²,

Pritchard

et al. 2017

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Purpose South Sudan is embroiled in a conflict that erupted in December 2013. This study examines what people in South Sudan think is necessary to achieve reconciliation and how trauma exposure and PTSD are associated with those beliefs. Methods 1525 participants (51.0% female) were selected using random and purposive sampling in six states and Abyei. Participants reported on traumatic events, PTSD symptoms, and attitudes towards reconciliation mechanisms. Results Results indicated that 40.7% met symptom criteria for probable PTSD. Most participants thought reconciliation was not possible without prosecuting perpetrators or compensating victims and did not support amnesty. Participants with probable PTSD were more likely to endorse confessions (OR 2.42 [1.75, 3.35]), apologies (OR 2.04 [1.46, 2.83]), and amnesty (OR 1.58 [1.21, 2.08]), and to report that compensation (OR 2.32 [1.80, 3.00]) and prosecution (OR 1.47 [1.15, 1.89]) were not necessary for reconciliation. The more traumatic events people experienced, the more they endorsed criminal punishment for perpetrators (OR 1.07 [1.04, 1.10]) and the less they endorsed confessions (OR 0.97 [0.95, 0.99]). Conclusions People with PTSD may prioritize ending violence via opportunities for reconciliation, while those with more trauma exposure may support more punitive mechanisms. Policy makers should take mental health treatment and trauma into account when designing conflict mitigation, peace building, and justice mechanisms.

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Reconciliation Sentiment Among Victims of Genocide in Rwanda: Conceptualizations, and Relationships with Mental Health

Abstract: Reconciliation sentiment, Mental health, Rwanda,

Cited by 33 publications

References 27 publications

Colombian People’s Willingness to Forgive Offenses against Women Perpetrated during the Armed Conflict

Colombian People’s Willingness to Forgive Offenses against Women Perpetrated during the Armed Conflict

Dispositional Forgiveness and PTSD Among Iranian Veterans of the 1980–1988 War

Posttraumatic stress disorder, trauma, and reconciliation in South Sudan

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