Reconciling Sustainable Development of Mountain Communities With Large Carnivore Conservation

Rosen, Tatjana; Hussain, Shafqat; Mohammad, Ghulam; Jackson, Rodney; Janečka, Jan E.; Michel, Stefan

doi:10.1659/mrd-journal-d-12-00008.1

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…However, the collective and compounding effects of multiple negative drivers on TAP households may result in the gradual disappearance of TAP over time. For example, humanwildlife conflict may seem a general issue rather than a determining factor for decisions to cease TAP, since predator attacks are random and can occur to rich and poor households alike (Rosen et al 2012). However, predator attacks on adult animals of smaller herds can severely impact the household's ability to generate sufficient income.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in Transhumant Agro-pastoralism in Bhutan: A Disappearing Livelihood?

et al. 2014

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This paper presents research on changes in the practice of transhumant agro-pastoralism (TAP) in Bhutan within the context of global changes to pastoralism. Households practicing TAP migrate their cattle to lower elevations during winter to access pastures and gain employment. Information was gathered from in-depth interviews (n=24 households), focus groups (n=7) and a semi-structured survey (n=75 households) from six villages. Nine government and non-government agency staff and six livestock extension staff were involved in interviews and focus groups respectively. There has been a 31 % decline in the number of households practicing TAP between 1990 and 2010, due to farm labour shortage, alternative livelihood choices, government policies and climate change. Nevertheless, TAP practice persists, forming the mainstay of many families. The historical legacy, economic and social importance of cattle and a desire to gain formal rights to common land keeps TAP alive today. We conclude that TAP is likely to continue to decline as Bhutan develops, however, households need to be supported to make informed choices about their future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human-wildlife conflicts have increased with considerable impact on agro-pastoralists' livelihood owing to damage and losses of their animals and crops (Wang et al 2006a, b;Wang and Macdonald 2006;Rosen et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Transhumant Agro-pastoralism in Bhutan: A Disappearing Livelihood?

et al. 2014

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“…of carnivores, exposure to risks connected to the animals, together with social and cultural beliefs influence human perceptions and determine attitudes (Kellert et al, 1996). The mountain pastoralists in Asia usually have negative attitudes toward both snow leopards and wolves (Alexander et al, 2015;Bagchi & Mishra, 2006;Chen et al, 2016;Din et al, 2017;Mishra, 1997;Namgail, Fox, & Bhatnagar, 2007;Oli, Taylor, & Rogers, 1994;Suryawanshi et al, 2014) because these carnivores frequently depredate on livestock, that form the backbone of household economy of pastoralists in the region (Rosen et al, 2012). In recent times, pastoralists in the region have shifted from subsistence to commercial agriculture and animal husbandry (Bauer, 2004;Mishra, 1997), increasing the economic value of livestock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives of traditional Himalayan communities on fostering coexistence with Himalayan wolf and snow leopard

Kusi

Sillero‐Zubiri

Macdonald

et al. 2019

Conservat Sci and Prac

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The Himalayan wolf Canis sp. and snow leopard Panthera uncia are found in the Nepalese Himalayas where conservation efforts target the latter but not the former. We conducted semistructured questionnaire surveys of 71 residents in upper Humla, upper Dolpa, and Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) during 2014–2016 to understand people's knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and interactions with these two carnivores. We fitted a cumulative link mixed model to predict Likert scale ordinal responses from a series of Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Overall, attitudes were more positive toward snow leopards than wolves. Livestock depredation was the main predictor of the general negative attitude toward wolves (Estimate = −1.30873; p = .029866) but there was no evidence for an effect for snow leopards (Estimate = −0.3640; p = .631446). Agropastoralists had more negative attitudes than respondents with other occupations toward both carnivores and men had more positive attitudes than women. Among our study areas, respondents in the community‐owned KCA had the most positive attitudes. Our findings illustrate the need to reduce human–carnivore conflict through a combined approach of education, mitigation, and economic cost‐sharing with respectful engagement of local communities. Specifically, to encourage more villagers to participate in livestock insurance schemes, they should be improved by including all large carnivores and adjusting compensation to the market value of a young replacement of the depredated livestock type. Carnivore conservation interventions should target the whole predator guild to achieve long‐term success and to protect the Himalayan ecosystem at large.

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“…Other phenomena explaining human-carnivore conflict include the competition of carnivores with humans for the consumption of wild ungulates (Treves and Karanth 2003) and even attacks on human themselves (Oli et al 1994, Löe and Röskaft 2004. Rapid increase in human population has also resulted in humans encroaching on landscapes used by carnivores (Fox and Tsering 2005, Tsering et al 2006, Rosen et al 2012. Better-managed protected areas are considered safe havens for carnivores, but have caused an increase in human-carnivore conflict in buffer zones (Tsering et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pastoralist-predator interaction at the roof of the world: Conflict dynamics and implications for conservation

Din¹,

Ali²,

Ali³

et al. 2017

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Pastoralism and predation are two major concomitantly known facts and matters of concern for conservation biologists worldwide. Pastoralist-predator conflict constitutes a major social-ecological concern in the Pamir mountain range encompassing Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan, and affects community attitudes and tolerance toward carnivores. Very few studies have been conducted to understand the dynamics of livestock predation by large carnivores like snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus), owing to the region's remoteness and inaccessibility. This study attempts to assess the intensity of livestock predation (and resulting perceptions) by snow leopards and wolves across the Afghani, Pakistani, and Tajik Pamir range during the period January 2008-June 2012. The study found that livestock mortality due to disease is the most serious threat to livestock (an average 3.5 animal heads per household per year) and ultimately to the rural economy (an average of US$352 per household per year) as compared to predation (1.78 animal heads per household per year, US$191) in the three study sites. Overall, 1419 (315 per year) heads of livestock were reportedly killed by snow leopards (47%) and wolves (53%) in the study sites. People with comparatively smaller landholdings and limited earning options, other than livestock rearing, expressed negative attitudes toward both wolves and snow leopards and vice versa. Education was found to be an effective solution to dilute people's hatred for predators. Low public tolerance of the wolf and snow leopard in general explained the magnitude of the threat facing predators in the Pamirs. This will likely continue unless tangible and informed conservation measures like disease control and predation compensation programs are taken among others.

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Reconciling Sustainable Development of Mountain Communities With Large Carnivore Conservation

Cited by 29 publications

References 60 publications

Changes in Transhumant Agro-pastoralism in Bhutan: A Disappearing Livelihood?

Changes in Transhumant Agro-pastoralism in Bhutan: A Disappearing Livelihood?

Perspectives of traditional Himalayan communities on fostering coexistence with Himalayan wolf and snow leopard

Pastoralist-predator interaction at the roof of the world: Conflict dynamics and implications for conservation

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