Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Physical Layer Key Generation: Constructive or Destructive?

Li, Guyue; Hu, Lei; Staat, Paul; Elders–Boll, H.; Zenger, Christian; Paar, Christof; Hu, Aiqun

doi:10.1109/mwc.007.2100545

Cited by 42 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Several solutions can be used to facilitate the practical usage of CRKG in slowly varying environments. One solution is to introduce helper devices, e.g., relays and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to boost the key generation rate and randomness [14]. However, this solution encounters some practical problems, such as the unavailability of trust relays and additional hardware overheads of RIS devices.…”

Section: Security Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information-Theoretic Secure Key Sharing for Wide-Area Mobile Applications

Li¹,

Luo²,

Yu³

et al. 2024

IEEE Wireless Commun.

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With the rapid growth of handheld devices in the internet of things (IoT) networks, mobile applications have become ubiquitous in everyday life. As technology is developed, so do also the risks and threats associated with it, especially in the forthcoming quantum era. Existing IoT networks, however, lack a quantum-resistant secret key sharing scheme to meet confidential message transmission demands in wide-area mobile applications. To address this issue, this article proposes a new scheme, channel reciprocity (CR) based quantum key distribution (QKD) CR-QKD, which accomplishes the goal of secret key sharing by combining emerging techniques of QKD and CR-based key generation (CRKG). Exploiting laws of quantum physics and properties of wireless channels, the proposed scheme is able to ensure the secrecy of the key, even against computationally unbounded adversaries. The basic mechanism is elaborated for a single-user case and it is extended into a multi-user case by redesigning a multi-user edge forwarding strategy. In addition, to make CR-QKD more practical, some enhancement strategies are studied to reduce the time delay and to improve the secret key generation rate in a secure manner. A prototype of CR-QKD is demonstrated in a metropolitan area network, where secret keys are shared between two remote IoT devices that are roughly fifteen kilometers apart from each other. The experimental results have verified that CR-QKD allows a secret key rate of 424 bits per second with a retransmission rate of 2.1%.

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Section: Security Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information-Theoretic Secure Key Sharing for Wide-Area Mobile Applications

Li¹,

Luo²,

Yu³

et al. 2024

IEEE Wireless Commun.

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“…Consequently, Alice's combined channel gain, ĥa , and Bob's channel gains, ĥb , are highly correlated. After the following procedures of the PKG, i.e., quantization, information reconcilation, and privacy amplification, the channel gains are finally converted into secret keys [7]. Since these steps are similar to those used in existing PKG methods, in this paper, we focus on the channel probing step, where the transmit and reflective beamforming are optimized to maximize the KGR.…”

Section: B Pkg Framework Based On Transmit and Reflective Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Transmit and Reflective Beamforming for RIS-assisted Secret Key Generation

Hu¹,

Li²,

Xing-san³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technique to enhance the performance of physical-layer key generation (PKG) due to its ability to smartly customize the radio environments. Existing RIS-assisted PKG methods are mainly based on the idealistic assumption of an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) channel model at both the transmitter and the RIS. However, the i.i.d. model is inaccurate for a typical RIS in an isotropic scattering environment. Also, neglecting the existence of channel spatial correlation would degrade the PKG performance. In this paper, we establish a general spatially correlated channel model in multi-antenna systems and propose a new PKG framework based on the transmit and the reflective beamforming at the base station (BS) and the RIS. Specifically, we derive a closed-form expression for characterizing the key generation rate (KGR) and obtain a globally optimal solution of the beamformers to maximize the KGR. Furthermore, we analyze the KGR performance difference between the one adopting the assumption of the i.i.d. model and that of the spatially correlated model. It is found that the beamforming designed for the correlated model outperforms that for the i.i.d. model while the KGR gain increases with the channel correlation. Simulation results show that compared to existing methods based on the i.i.d. fading model, our proposed method achieves about 5 dB performance gain when the BS antenna correlation ρ is 0.3 and the RIS element spacing is half of the wavelength.

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“…A relaying SKG scheme was proposed in [8], although this did not consider frequency-selective channels but focussed on a more general approach. An alternative or supplement to relays is reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, which have been considered for SKG [9]. However, they have limited processing abilities and function more as an RF signal reflector which precludes more advanced precoding schemes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secret Key Generation With Multiantenna Relays

Sandell

2023

IEEE Access

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One effective way of generating and distributing secret keys for secure communication is to exploit the randomness of wireless channels. Since a potential eavesdropper has a different propagation channel than two legitimate users, it can be used to generate unique and secure keys. If the two devices are far apart, a relay can aid the process. This paper presents a novel precoding scheme for the relay which delivers the keys directly and with very little processing required at the end devices. We also compare scalar and vector quantisation and show that a tree-based vector quantisation scheme has better performance than the former but much lower complexity than the latter.INDEX TERMS Physical layer security, secret key generation, relay.

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Physical Layer Key Generation: Constructive or Destructive?

Cited by 42 publications

References 32 publications

Information-Theoretic Secure Key Sharing for Wide-Area Mobile Applications

Information-Theoretic Secure Key Sharing for Wide-Area Mobile Applications

Joint Transmit and Reflective Beamforming for RIS-assisted Secret Key Generation

Secret Key Generation With Multiantenna Relays

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