Reconstrução facial forense: comparação entre tabelas de espessuras de tecidos moles faciais

Abstract

Herrera LM. Forensic facial reconstruction: comparison of facial soft tissue thicknesses data [dissertation]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia; 2015. Versão Corrigida. Forensic Sciences employ Forensic Facial Reconstruction technique to increase possibilities in human recognition. After anthropological analysis, the face can be created on the skeletonized skull and published in the media. There are several methodologies for facial modeling and facial features as well as multiple soft tissue thicknesses data that aid in facial contour. In order to investigate whether a methodology allows more recognition and greater resemblance to a person, this study aimed to compare manual facial reconstructions made with two approaches of filling facial soft tissue (American and Manchester methods) and two approaches to predict the eyes, nose, mouth and ears. This study also intended to compare facial reconstructions carried out with four Brazilian soft tissue thicknesses data, that were developed by previous studies considering the possibily of merging these data for Forensic Reconstruction purpose. A fourth aim was to determine whether sex and anatomical or Forensic knowledge of assessor can influence in frequency of recognition. This study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, two reconstructions were performed for two targets (one male and one female) with American and Manchester methods and applying two guides for eyes, nose, mouth and ears. The reconstructions were evaluated by forty assessors (both sex, divided into four groups-undergraduated students in dentistry who did not study Forensic Dentistry, undergraduated students in dentistry who have gone through the subject of Forensic Dentistry, experts in Forensic Dentistry and individuals who did not have knowlegde of human anatomy) through the recognition and resemblance tests. For female target, frequencies of recognitions were 20% and 10% for American and Manchester methods, respectively; for male target, frequencies were 35% and 17.5%, with significant differences between the proportions of correct responses. Regarding resemblance rates, medians were less than 3 (on a scale from 1 to 5); however, it was found an exception for the sculpture made with the American method for male target, which had median 3. Thus, American method was used for the reconstructions of phase II. In this second phase, facial reconstructions for four targets (two male and two female) were obtained with the American method, considering the four Brazilian soft tissue thicknesses data. Sixteen facial reconstructions were evaluated by a hundred and twenty assessors, also through the recognition and resemblance tests. As in phase I, it was considered the sex and the group of assessors. For the first target, ratios were significantly higher for reconstructions made with data obtained from cadavers (44% and 38%) compared with those obtained from imaging. For the target 4, the proportion of correct responses with data from cadavers (Tedeschi-Oliveira et al.) a...

Reconstrução facial na Antropologia Forense no Brasil sob a perspectiva da Medicina Legal

“…A prática de anatomia humana remonta à antiguidade, moldada pelas crenças e rituais religiosos de diversas culturas. Referência [9] ilustra essa diversidade apontando para as múmias do Egito Antigo e para os enterros cristãos como exemplos de práticas mortuárias distintas.…”

“…A descoberta primordial da preservação facial humana remonta a Jericho, em Jerusalém, onde foram encontradas estruturas faciais moldadas em gesso com base em esqueletos, conforme documentado por [9]. A evolução tecnológica impulsionou o avanço das técnicas de reconstrução facial, sobretudo com a emergência e o aprimoramento de softwares tridimensionais (3D), que têm se mostrado instrumentos cruciais na identificação de corpos, conforme destacado por [11].…”

“…Os pontos craniométricos, conforme [9] descreve, são locais específicos no esqueleto, empregados como referências essenciais na craniometria (medições diretas no crânio seco) e na cefalometria (medições via radiografias). Estes pontos servem como balizas fundamentais para análises craniológicas.…”

Reconstrução facial como um meio de identificação na odontologia legal: revisão de literatura

“…A craniometria é uma área que estuda os pontos de referência em crânios humanos, que são utilizados como meios de identificação e reconstrução facial utilizando o crânio humano como base para reconstrução quando outros meios não são disponíveis, incluindo determinadas características que são difíceis de serem encontradas ou caracterizadas sem os tecidos moles (Herrera, 2015).…”

Estudo de aspectos antropométricos e médicos dos primeiros imperadores do Brasil

“…24). A inserção de tecidos moles obedeceu a mensuração osteométrica e antropométrica craniofacial, do pescoço e do tórax (Milani et al,2015;Simpson, 2008, Cavanagh;Steyn, 2011;Herrera, 2015;Krogmann;Íscan, 1986;Milani et al, 2015;Simpson, 2008 (parte 1 e 2); Stephan, 2001;2010;Stephan et.al 2012;Stephan et.al, 2018;Taylor, 2001;Tedeschi-Oliveira et al, 2016;Ubelacker, 2002;White;Folkes, 2005. A etapa de renderização também é muito lenta.…”