I feel very fortunate that I have the opportunity to study as a graduate student in NTU for the past four years. My sincere gratitude goes to plenty of peoples who played very important roles on the completion of this thesis as well as my life. I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Dr. Li Cheng, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. I would also like to thank my NTU supervisor Assoc. Professor Dr. Lin Feng for his guidance about research work and thesis writing. I also want to thank you for handling the administrative matters from NTU side in a smooth and easy manner. I would also like to thank Dr. Manoranjan Dash and Dr. Vladimir Kuznetsov for accepting me as a PhD student. I would especially like to thank the administrative staff of BII Ms. Betty Kee, Christine and Norani and IT staff Mr. Robin, Mr. Ananthan for your constant support for the research activities in BII. A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my mother, father, mother-in law, father-in-law, sister, sister-in-law, uncle and aunty for all of the sacrifices that youve made on my behalf. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. I would also like to thank all of my friends who supported me in writing, and incented me to strive towards my goal. This last word of acknowledgment I have saved for my dear wife Monalisa, who has been with me all these years and has made them the best years of my life.