Reconstruction of a full-thickness collagen-based human oral mucosal equivalent

Characterization of a Three-Dimensional Mucosal Equivalent: Similarities and Differences with Native Oral Mucosa

“…Some studies report hyperproliferation [Chung et al, 1997;Izumi et al, 2004], slightly reduced proliferation [Kinikoglu et al, 2009] or strongly reduced to no proliferation [Pena et al, 2010]. It has been shown that the number of keratinocytes expressing Ki67 progressively decreases over time, showing maximum proliferative capacity in the first week of culture which decreases to a few cells at the end of the third week of culture [Tomakidi et al, 1998;Kinikoglu et al, 2009]; the latter is in accordance with our observations. The discrepancies between the studies might be a result of the differences in scaffold, which varies from DED to fibrin, and the composition of the culture media used to construct the mucosal substitutes, which are very variable between different studies.…”

“…Structural features of the tissue such as the presence of a multilayered epidermis, basal layer, basement membrane (BM) and underlying connective tissue as well as the expression pattern of cytokeratins should resemble that of native oral mucosa. Several studies have reported the development of mucosal substitutes, but only few of them included a histological characterization of the construct [Izumi et al, 2004;Rakhorst et al, 2006;Kinikoglu et al, 2009]. Izumi et al [2004] described the proliferative capacity and keratin 10 (K10)/13 (K13) expression of their mucosal substitutes, and Garzon et al [2009] reported on the cytokeratin pattern in tissue-engineered periodontal mucosa.…”

Taking a deep look: modern microscopy technologies to optimize the design and functionality of biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine

“…Besides basic bright-field illumination [36,60], enhanced contrast methods such as dark-field illumination, phase-contrast and differential interference contrast techniques have been applied [61][62][63][64]. White light microscopy is primarily used for routine analysis (monitoring cell number and morphology after seeding of scaffolds) and for imaging stained tissue slices (histology [65]; various stains such as H&E, Von Kossa, trichrome, alcian blue and others are available [39,50,[66][67][68][69][70][71]). A typical study that makes use of histology was carried out by Gerhardt et al [40], who investigated scaffolds after explanation to observe their degradation, cellular infiltration and vascularization (figure 2a).…”

Tissue Engineering of Lips and Muco-Cutaneous Junctions: In Vitro Development of Tissue Engineered Constructs of Oral Mucosa and Skin for Lip Reconstruction

“…35 Other dermal substitutes for development of nonkeratinized oral mucosa constructs have been reported using collagen-based membranes. 36 The testing of these 3D constructs in vivo could initially be done by grafting the constructs into athymic (nude) rats to allow integration with the underlying striated muscular bed as previously done with mice 25 to evaluate vascular ingrowth. It has been shown in clinical trials that use of the Alloderm Ò as a dermal substitute without the presence of fibroblasts in keratinized oral mucosa repair is successful on transplantation.…”