Reconstruction of Historical Sea Surface Temperatures Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions

Smith, Thomas M.; Reynolds, Richard W.; Livezey, Robert E.; Stokes, Diane

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1403:rohsst>2.0.co;2

Cited by 587 publications

(380 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Usually, reconstruction analyses are realized using a priori information on interannual variability with reduced degrees of freedom in space using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs; Parker et al, 1995;Smith et al, 1996;Kaplan et al, 1998). Reconstruction in this study is based on a two-dimensional variational method (Ishii et al, 2003), in which the first-guess covariance matrix is reformulated with EOFs of monthly mean anomalies from the OI analyses.…”

Section: Objective Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Objective analyses of sea‐surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection

Ishii¹,

Shouji²,

Sugimoto³

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Climatology

592

380

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Data for the 20th century from the International Comprehensive Ocean and Atmosphere Data Set and the Kobe Collection have been used as input data for global objective analyses of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and other marine meteorological variables. This study seeks a better understanding of the historical marine meteorological data and an evaluation of the quality of the data in the Kobe Collection. Objective analyses yield gridded data that are less noisy than observed data, which facilitates handling of historical data. The observed data determine the quality of the objective analyses, and quality control specified for historical data is incorporated into the objective analysis to reduce artificial errors. The objective analyses are based on optimum interpolation and reconstruction with empirical orthogonal functions. The final database produced in this study not only contains analysed values, but also analysis errors and data distributions at each time step of the objective analyses.The analysis database contains ample information on historical observations, as well as signals of marine climate variations during the century. Time series of global mean marine temperatures and cloud cover include trends linked to global warming, and local peaks appear commonly in all the time series around the 1940s. Sea-level pressure and seasurface wind fields show significant linear trends at high latitudes and over the North Pacific Ocean respectively. These trends seem to be artificial. An SST analysis used widely in climatological studies was verified against HadISST from the Hadley Centre and an SST analysis derived from satellite and in situ observations. El Niño and southern oscillation indices for the century are successfully reproduced, even though observations in the tropics are much rarer before 1950 than after 1950.

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Section: Objective Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The accuracy of analysed data by OI and reconstruction will be quantified by using cross-validation (e.g. Smith et al, 1996) in a future study.…”

Section: Enso Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Objective analyses of sea‐surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection

Ishii¹,

Shouji²,

Sugimoto³

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Climatology

592

380

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The atmospheric parameter values and the time stepping for the coupling (5 days) are the same as in Bretherton and Battisti (2000). The SST feedback pattern used for the projection of the OGCM's SST anomalies is derived from a regression of the historical record of SST (Smith et al 1996) against the observed NAOI. We excluded regions in which observations are sparse (e.g., ice-covered regions), and regions that we regard as not effective for forcing the atmospheric baroclinicity, such as the loadings in the North Sea.…”

Section: Model and Coupling Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Damped Decadal Oscillation in the North Atlantic Climate System

Eden¹,

Greatbatch²

2003

J. Climate

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A simple stochastic atmosphere model is coupled to a realistic model of the North Atlantic Ocean. A northsouth SST dipole, with its zero line centered along the subpolar front, influences the atmosphere model, which in turn forces the ocean model by surface fluxes related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The coupled system exhibits a damped decadal oscillation associated with the adjustment through the ocean model to the changing surface forcing. The oscillation consists of a fast wind-driven, positive feedback of the ocean and a delayed negative feedback orchestrated by overturning circulation anomalies. The positive feedback turns out to be necessary to distinguish the coupled oscillation from that in a model without any influence from the ocean to the atmosphere. Using a novel diagnosing technique, it is possible to rule out the importance of baroclinic wave processes for determining the period of the oscillation, and to show the important role played by anomalous geostrophic advection in sustaining the oscillation.

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“…The SST analysis of HIY14 was given as a sum of trend and short-term components, in which the grid box mean values of SST observations were used for estimating the trend component. In general among the past studies (Smith et al 1996;Kaplan et al 1998;Smith and Reynolds 2004;HIY14), SST fields for more than 100 years were estimated by analyzing long-term and short-term variations separately, and methodologies have been refined through long experience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

Ishii¹,

Fukuda

Hirahara

et al. 2017

SOLA

150

153

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The simplest global mapping method and dense data coverage for the global oceans by the latest observation network ensure an estimate of global ocean heat content (OHC) within a satisfactory uncertainty for the last 60 years. The observational database conditionally presented a level high enough for practical use for the global OHC estimation when applying bias corrections of expendable bathythermograph, assuming that the other severe observational biases are not included in the database. Uncertainties in annual global mean temperatures averaged vertically from the surface to 1,500 m are within 0.01 K for the period from 1955 onward, when only sampling errors are taken into account. Those in annual mean global OHC of an improved objective analysis for 0−1,500 m depth is 16ZJ on average throughout the period. Compared to previous studies, the new objective analysis provides a higher estimation of the global 0−1,500 m OHC trend for a longer period from 1955 to 2015, which is an increase of 350 ± 57ZJ with a 95% confidence interval.(Citation: Ishii, M., Y. Fukuda, H. Hirahara, S. Yasui, T. Suzuki, and K. Sato, 2017: Accuracy of global upper ocean heat content estimation expected from present observational data sets.

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Reconstruction of Historical Sea Surface Temperatures Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions

Cited by 587 publications

References 10 publications

Objective analyses of sea‐surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection

Objective analyses of sea‐surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection

A Damped Decadal Oscillation in the North Atlantic Climate System

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

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