“…It is necessary to apply techniques to evaluate the vertical groundwater flux, including both recharge to and discharge from aquifers, to exploit and manage this invaluable resource appropriately. Since pioneering research in the 1960s (Bredehoeft & Papaopulos, ; Stallman, , ; Suzuki, ), heat has been recognized as a powerful tracer to quantify the interchange between surface water and groundwater (Irvine et al, ; Lu, Chen, Zhang, Su, & Chen, ; Naranjo & Turcotte, ; Rau, Andersen, McCallum, Roshan, & Acworth, ), reconstruct the history of surface temperature (Correia & Šafanda, ; Goto & Yamano, ; Huang, Pollack, & Shen, ), and estimate vertical groundwater fluxes based on subsurface temperature–depth (TD) profiles (Bense & Kurylyk, ; Irvine et al, 2017; Kurylyk & Irvine, ). As an indicator that can be measured easily and rapidly, using underground temperature to estimate groundwater flux is convenient, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive compared with other methods such as hydraulic modelling, chloride mass balance, and isotope analysis.…”