Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

Sato, F.; Nakata, Toshihiko

doi:10.3390/su12010147

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The circular use of components and materials offers big economic opportunities and has great potential to secure the supply of strategic raw materials for cell manufacturers [3]. The work of Sato and Nakata [4] showed that by 2035, high quantities of critical materials for the production of new Li-ion batteries in Japan will be obtained from the recycling of batteries at the end-of-life (EoL) stage (34% of lithium (Li), 50% of cobalt (Co), 28% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (M)). However, according to Kotak et al [5], alternative circular economy strategies such as reuse and remanufacturing would extend the use phase of batteries and thus avoid the resource-intensive production of new batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Disassembly Strategies for Electric Vehicle Batteries

et al. 2021

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Various studies show that electrification, integrated into a circular economy, is crucial to reach sustainable mobility solutions. In this context, the circular use of electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) is particularly relevant because of the resource intensity during manufacturing. After reaching the end-of-life phase, EVBs can be subjected to various circular economy strategies, all of which require the previous disassembly. Today, disassembly is carried out manually and represents a bottleneck process. At the same time, extremely high return volumes have been forecast for the next few years, and manual disassembly is associated with safety risks. That is why automated disassembly is identified as being a key enabler of highly efficient circularity. However, several challenges need to be addressed to ensure secure, economic, and ecological disassembly processes. One of these is ensuring that optimal disassembly strategies are determined, considering the uncertainties during disassembly. This paper introduces our design for an adaptive disassembly planner with an integrated disassembly strategy optimizer. Furthermore, we present our optimization method for obtaining optimal disassembly strategies as a combination of three decisions: (1) the optimal disassembly sequence, (2) the optimal disassembly depth, and (3) the optimal circular economy strategy at the component level. Finally, we apply the proposed method to derive optimal disassembly strategies for one selected battery system for two condition scenarios. The results show that the optimization of disassembly strategies must also be used as a tool in the design phase of battery systems to boost the disassembly automation and thus contribute to achieving profitable circular economy solutions for EVBs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Disassembly Strategies for Electric Vehicle Batteries

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, more actors could be involved, for example, to close material flows (see Coenen et al, 2018), and collaboration with unusual partners, even competitors, could be required (Brambila-Macias et al, 2018). These characteristics are clearly essential for a circular system that is increasingly demanded by our societies (van Hemel and Cramer, 2002;Sato and Nakata, 2020;Boldoczki et al, 2021) 2 . Realizing these new offerings is primarily carried out by design, similarly with conventional products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Support Needs to Realize More Effective and Resource-Efficient Offerings: A Comparison Among Large Companies and Small and Medium Enterprises

Brambila‐Macias¹,

Sakao²

2021

Front. Sustain.

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In an economic paradigm where companies think that more is better and resources are considered infinite, waste, pollution, and environmental degradation are often the result. This can, in turn, be addressed by companies focusing on offerings that are both effective and resource efficient. However, this type of offerings can be more uncertain and complex due to multiple factors such as multiple actors and conflicting objectives taking place at once. Dedicated design support for the relatively new offerings will be helpful for designers in industry. Large and small companies could benefit from the dedicated design support to successfully realize these types of offerings. However, the type of support they might need is not clear. Differences and similarities among large and small companies could guide researchers in providing more reliable support. Therefore, the aim of this research is to present differences and similarities of design support needs among large companies and small and medium enterprises. This is carried out through semi-structured interviews and follow-up meetings. The results show that differences include a formal product realization process for large companies and an informal or no process for smaller ones. Similarities point at design support for better communication and management of their offerings with regard to lead time as well as lifecycle and strategic thinking for decision making. The conclusions highlight the importance for researchers to provide design support that purposefully addresses specific needs.

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“…As stated by Weber et al [10], VRFB electrolyte is foreseen to exhibit minimal issues of degradation and, therefore, it can be possibly entirely reuse. Although the recovery of lithium salt is important, this analysis was out of the scope of the published work, which has been focused on widely used recycling processes, whereas emerging technologies [12,17,18] have been excluded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery Manufacturing Resource Assessment to Minimise Component Production Environmental Impacts

et al. 2020

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A promising route to attain a reliable impact reduction of supply chain materials is based on considering circular economy approaches, such as material recycling strategies. This work aimed to evaluate potential benefits of recycling scenarios for steel, copper, aluminium and plastic materials to the battery manufacturing stage. Focused on this aim, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the environmental externalities methodologies were applied to two battery study cases: lithium manganese oxide and vanadium redox flow (VRFB) batteries, based on a cradle-to-gate LCA approach. In general, the results provided an insight into the raw material handling route. Environmental impacts were diminished by more than 20% in almost all the indicators, due to the lower consumption of virgin materials related to the implemented recyclability route. Particularly, VRFB exhibited better recyclability ratio than the Li-ion battery. For the former, the key components were the periphery ones attaining around 70% of impact reduction by recycling steel. Components of the power subsystem were also relevant, reaching around 40% of environmental impact reduction by recycling plastic. The results also foresaw opportunities for membranes, key components of VRFB materials. Based on findings, recycling strategies may improve the total circularity performance and economic viability of the studied systems.

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Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Optimization of Disassembly Strategies for Electric Vehicle Batteries

Optimization of Disassembly Strategies for Electric Vehicle Batteries

Design Support Needs to Realize More Effective and Resource-Efficient Offerings: A Comparison Among Large Companies and Small and Medium Enterprises

Battery Manufacturing Resource Assessment to Minimise Component Production Environmental Impacts

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