Recovery and reuse of discontinuous carbon fibres by solvolysis: Realignment and properties of remanufactured materials

Oliveux, Géraldine; Bailleul, Jean‐Luc; Gillet, Arnaud; Mantaux, Olivier; Leeke, Gary A.

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.11.001

Cited by 86 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been widely used in the aerospace, automobile, transportation, architecture, and sport industries, as well as the medical sector, due to their outstanding properties including low density, high strength and elastic modulus, and excellent resistance to corrosion and fatigue [1][2][3][4][5]. Carbon fibers were initially produced commercially starting in the late 1960s, and by 2006 approximately 27,000 tons of carbon fibers were being manufactured in industries around the world, an amount that will rise to 140,000 tonnes by 2020 [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Carbon Fibers from CFRP Waste by Microwave Thermolysis

Deng

Zhang

et al. 2019

Processes

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With the growth of the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) in various fields, the recovery of carbon fibers from CFRP waste is becoming a significant research direction. In the present work, degrading epoxy resin and recycling carbon fibers from CFRP waste by microwave thermolysis and traditional thermolysis were studied. The carbon fibers were successfully recovered by thermolysis under an oxygen atmosphere in this study. The properties of the recovered carbon fibers were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The result shows that using microwave thermolysis to recover carbon fibers from CFRP waste is an attractive prospect. Compared to the traditional method, the reaction time was reduced by 56.67%, and the recovery ratio was increased by 15%. Microwave thermolysis is faster, more efficient, requires less energy, and obtains cleaner recovered carbon fibers than those recovered using traditional thermolysis.Processes 2019, 7, 207 2 of 12 including mechanical processes [14,15], chemical methods [4,[16][17][18][19][20], and thermal technology [3,[21][22][23]. However, long carbon fibers are difficult to obtain using a mechanical process, and their mechanical properties are seriously damaged with this technique [24,25]. Liu et al. [13], Yildirir et al. [19], and Hyde et al. [20] have investigated recycling carbon fibers from CFRP using different solvents under subcritical or supercritical conditions. These methods are expensive, difficult to industrialize, and produce large amounts of liquid waste and hazardous gases [1]. Yang et al. [3], López et al. [22], and Ye et al. [23] have studied thermolysis methods of recovering carbon fibers from CFRP. The pyrolysis process is not very economical, producing multiple hazardous gases and depositing char on the carbon fiber surfaces [1,19,25]. Therefore, research to develop new methods of recovering carbon fibers from CFRP has begun.Microwave heating is gradually being used more often in the area of material processing due to its advantages of rapid, uniform, and selective heating [26]. Microwave heating is the process of coupling materials with microwaves, absorbing electromagnetic energy and transforming it into heat within the material volume, in which the heat is generated from the inside to the entire volume [27][28][29]. Therefore, the microwave method can treat uniform samples due to its features of volumetric and internal heating [30,31]. Yingguang Li et al. [32,33] have reported curing of CFRP by microwave energy, and CFRP can absorb microwave energy and be heated effectively. This study provides a great reference for microwave applications in the preparation and recovery of CFRP. Long Jiang et al. [34] reported that microwave irradiation is a flexible, easy-to-control, efficient method to recover high-value carbon fibers, and recovered carbon fibers could be directly used as reinforcement in new polymers (Polypropylene and nyl...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Carbon Fibers from CFRP Waste by Microwave Thermolysis

Deng

Zhang

et al. 2019

Processes

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“…Overall, the purity of reclaimed fibers appears comparable to that obtained by means of low or high temperature solvolysis procedures [53,54] and the more recent processes based on critical or supercritical fluids [55,56,57,58]. Indeed, the recovery efficiency is high, considering that fibers were recovered in a single step, batch process, while some of the most efficient solvolysis processes entail semi-continuous conditions [58] and/or several washing steps [57] in order to reach low matrix residues (<5 wt %).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Simultaneous Recovery of Matrix and Fiber in Carbon Reinforced Composites through a Diels–Alder Solvolysis Process

et al. 2019

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Efficient and comprehensive recycling of fiber-reinforced thermosets is particularly challenging, since the irreversible degradation of the matrix component is necessary in order to separate the fiber component in high purity. In this work, a new approach to fully recyclable thermoset composites is presented, based on the thermal reversibility of an epoxy-based polymer network, crosslinked through Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry. Carbon fiber composites, fabricated by compression molding, were efficiently recycled through a simple solvolysis procedure in common solvents, under mild conditions, with no catalysts. Specifically, the purity of reclaimed fibers, assessed by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy, was very high (>95%) and allowed successful reprocessing into second generation composites. Moreover, the dissolved matrix residues were directly employed to prepare smart, thermally healable coatings. Overall, DA chemistry has been shown to provide a convenient strategy towards circular economy of thermoset composites.

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“…Recycling technologies (Henry et al, 2016;Meyer, Schulte, & Grove-Nielsen, 2009;Morin, Loppinet-Serani, Cansell, & Aymonier, 2012;Oliveux et al, 2015;Pimenta & Pinho, 2011Rybicka et al, 2016) Indicators (Helbig et al, 2016;Pillain et al, 2017;Prinçaud, Aymonier, Loppinet-Serani, Perry, & Sonnemann, 2014;Raugei, Morrey, Hutchinson, & Winfield, 2015;Schmidt & Watson, 2014;Timmis et al, 2014) CFRP waste (Hedlund-Aström, 2005;Van Heerden & Curran, 2010b;Lefeuvre et al, 2017) Re-manufacturing & market outlook (Longana, Ong, Yu, & Potter, 2016;Meng, McKechnie, & Pickering, 2018;Oliveux et al, 2015;Oliveux, Bailleul, Gillet, Mantaux, & Leeke, 2017;Pimenta & Pinho, 2011) Sustainability assessment (Bachmann, Hidalgo, & Bricout, 2017;Das, 2011;Dauguet et al, 2015;Duflou et al, 2012;Timmis et al, 2014;Vo Dong et al, 2018;Witik, Teuscher, Michaud, Ludwig, & Månson, 2013, Witik et al, 2012Oliveux et al, 2017;Meng et al 2017) Abbreviation: CFRP, carbon fibre reinforced polymer.…”

Section: Categories Publicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability engineering assessment research for recycling composites with high value: Stakeholders' views

Pillain

Lefeuvre

Garnier

et al. 2019

Sustainable Development

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Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are increasingly employed in an extensive range of applications, such as aerospace, automotive, or renewable energy. Consequently, the establishment of a composite recycling sector will become necessary in the future. The French national agency for research had funded a project named SEARRCH, which indicates “Sustainability Engineering Assessment Research for Recycling Composites with High value” to initiate stakeholders engagement for the implementation of the CFRP recycling sector in a sustainable way. This publication aimed at giving the results and the advantages of using a participatory research approach for the implementation of a recycling sector that follows the concept of sustainable development. This participatory research approach was conducted based on a panel of 40 stakeholders from different stages of the CFRP life cycle: CFRP producers, end‐of‐life management, institutional/normative, and research groups. A statistical quantitative analysis of 230 different criteria extracted from the interviews has demonstrated that “quality,” “mastering recycling process,” “norms and regulations,” and “maturity of the recycling process” are the most cited criteria by stakeholders. A qualitative analysis shown that, the future sustainable composites recycling sector would be utilised as a multiprocess sector that addresses a multiplicity of markets, requires the involvement of leaders and introduction of incentive tools and needs improvement regarding the maturity of recycling technologies to satisfy economic and environmental goals.

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Recovery and reuse of discontinuous carbon fibres by solvolysis: Realignment and properties of remanufactured materials

Cited by 86 publications

References 7 publications

Recycling of Carbon Fibers from CFRP Waste by Microwave Thermolysis

Recycling of Carbon Fibers from CFRP Waste by Microwave Thermolysis

Simultaneous Recovery of Matrix and Fiber in Carbon Reinforced Composites through a Diels–Alder Solvolysis Process

Sustainability engineering assessment research for recycling composites with high value: Stakeholders' views

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