Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts

Iversen, Martin Haugmo; Finstad, Bengt; Nilssen, Kjell Tormod

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00364-0

Cited by 155 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Both acute and chronic stressors elicit a rise in plasma lactate levels, presumably primarily due to physical disturbance and hypoxia arising from the onset of stressful conditions, and this response has been widely used as an indicator of stress in fish (Huber et al, 1989;Rotllant et al, 2001). Results in the present study are consistent with those from others (Schoonbee et al, 1989;Vijayan and Moon, 1992;Vijayan et al, 1994;Barton et al, 1998;Iversen et al, 1998;Barton et al, 2000) with confined groups displaying a rapid increase in plasma lactate levels within 2 hours of the onset of confinement. Interestingly, this elevation of lactate was significantly greater in the LR than HR fish.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Trenzado

Carrick

Pottinger

2003

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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Abstract. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of two lines selected for low (LR) and high (HR) cortisol stress-responsiveness were subjected to confinement for a period of 336 hours.Endocrine (plasma cortisol, hepatic cortisol binding) and metabolic (plasma glucose, lactate, amino acids; hepatic glycogen and alanine aminotransferase levels) indices of stress were measured at intervals in confined and unconfined fish of both lines. During confinement plasma cortisol concentration reached maximum values earlier in HR fish (2 hours) than in LR fish (6 hours) returning to control values within 336 hours in both lines. Paradoxically, although both HR and LR lines displayed a characteristic metabolic stress response, these changes were more pronounced in LR fish. Plasma glucose and lactate levels increased during confinement in both lines but to a significantly greater extent in LR fish. Confinement significantly elevated plasma amino acids to a greater extent in LR fish than in HR fish. Liver glycogen concentration was depleted most rapidly in LR fish but was significantly higher in confined fish of both lines than controls at the end of the experiment. No significant changes were observed in hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity during confinement. Confined fish of both lines displayed a decrease in hepatic cortisol receptor abundance within 24 h and this was more sustained in HR fish. The more pronounced disturbance of a broad range of indicators of stress in confined LR fish, compared to HR fish, throws doubt on the magnitude of the cortisol response being the primary driver of these differences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Trenzado

Carrick

Pottinger

2003

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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“…Thomas et al (1999) the water level to simulate the handling during harvest, by stimulating physical activity. Other previous studies have shown that the initial moments of the capture-loading process is a major driver of the stress response (Iversen et al 1998). However, even greater than this, appears to be the additional effect of crowding and then pumping fish for long distances (Gatica et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of commercial live transportation and preslaughter handling of Atlantic salmon on blood constituents

et al. 2010

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RESUMENSe evaluaron los efectos de la cosecha con transporte en wellboat y el manejo ante mortem sobre los constituyentes sanguíneos relacionados al estrés en salmones (Salmo salar). Diez peces fueron muestreados en cada una de las seis etapas denominadas: centro; después de la carga; después del transporte; después de la descarga; después del reposo y después del bombeo hacia la planta procesadora. Se determinaron las concentraciones sanguíneas de cortisol, glucosa, lactato, sodio, cloruro y osmolalidad. En cada etapa, las concentraciones de los constituyentes sanguíneos analizados cambiaron de acuerdo con la severidad del tratamiento aplicado. Los resultados de este estudio indican que una de las etapas más estresantes fue el bombeo desde las jaulas de reposo hacia la planta de proceso. La concentración de todas las variables estudiadas disminuyó después de 24 horas en las jaulas de reposo, y todas, a excepción de la glucosa, aumentaron después de que los peces fueran bombeados a través del salmoducto desde las jaulas de reposo a la planta de proceso. Esto confirma que este último manejo es la etapa más estresante de las estudiadas durante este transporte comercial.

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“…This seemed to be supported by the fact that secondary and tertiary stress responses as plasma chloride, magnesium, fin rot and mortality, were significantly increased in the "stress and vaccine" group compared to the "vaccine and stress" and the control group. Earlier studies have shown that cortisol is often associated with the detrimental effects of stress including: decreased growth rates, reproductive dysfunction (Morgan et al 1999;Schreck et al 2001;Mommsen et al 1999), increased incidence of disease (Barton 2002;Davis et al 2002Davis et al , 2003Einarsdottir et al 2000a;Einarsdottir et al 2000b;Weyts et al 1999), reduced seawater tolerance (Ventura et al 2011;Iversen et al 2009;Mommsen et al 1999;Redding and Schreck 1983;Sandodden et al 2001) and survival (Iversen et al 2005;Portz et al 2006;Finstad et al 2003;Iversen et al 1998;Hasan and Bart 2007). It has also been suggested that if the fish is not permitted enough time to recover completely after stress, a second, normally nonfatal, stressful occurrence could be fatal (Carmichael 1984), as observed in this experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques were used to measure blood plasma cortisol concentrations as described in Iversen et al (1998). Previous tests at our laboratory (University in Nordland, Bodø, Norway) gave the following assay specifications: Sensitivity of 1.8 nmol L -1 (nM) (samples with hormone levels below detection limit were assigned in the value of assay sensitivity); non-specific binding (NSB) of 2.1 to 3.7 % of total activity; intraassay coefficient of variation less than 7.0 % and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 5.1 % at 50 nM.…”

Section: Blood Sampling and Analytic Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cortisol is often associated with the detrimental effects of stress, including decreased growth, reproductive dysfunction (Morgan et al 1999;Schreck et al 2001;Schreck 2010;Mommsen et al 1999), increased incidence of disease (Barton 2002;Davis et al 2002Davis et al , 2003Einarsdottir et al 2000a;Einarsdottir et al 2000b;Weyts et al 1999), reduced seawater tolerance (Iversen et al 1998;Liebert and Schreck 2006;Sandodden et al 2001) and survival (Iversen et al 2005;Portz et al 2006;Finstad et al 2003;Iversen et al 1998;Hasan and Bart 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The experiment consisted of three experimental groups; 1) "vaccine and stress", 2) "stress and vaccine" and 3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008), and then given a daily stressor (crowding stressor, 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of four weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for four weeks, and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that a fish in the "stress and vaccine" group enters an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system, with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol, and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the wellbeing of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system, but at the end of the experiment the fish had recovered. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination it could instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination, or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination, and secure a healthy fish, with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.3

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Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts

Cited by 155 publications

References 25 publications

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Effects of commercial live transportation and preslaughter handling of Atlantic salmon on blood constituents

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

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