Recovery of conditioned fear by a single postextinction shock: Effect of similarity of shock contexts and of time following extinction

McAllister, Wallace R.; McAllister, Dorothy E.

doi:10.3758/bf03192870

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Previous studies have also suggested that context memories become less specific with time (Riccio et al 1984;MacArdy and Riccio 1995;Bouton et al 1999;Houston et al 1999;Balogh et al 2002;Biedenkapp et al 2005;McAllister and McAllister 2006). The current results are consistent with these findings and demonstrate that increases in context generalization are not simply the result of fear incubation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Previous studies have suggested that context memories lose details over time (Riccio et al 1984;MacArdy and Riccio 1995;Houston et al 1999;Balogh et al 2002;Biedenkapp et al 2005;McAllister and McAllister 2006). We confirmed this result in the first experiment.…”

Section: Fear Generalization Increases Over Timesupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Context fear became less specific and generalized to a novel environment 28 and 36 d after training, time points when the cortex is important for retrieval (Frankland et al 2004a). These results suggest that context generalization may be a useful index of the consolidation process.Previous studies have also suggested that context memories become less specific with time (Riccio et al 1984;MacArdy and Riccio 1995;Bouton et al 1999;Houston et al 1999;Balogh et al 2002;Biedenkapp et al 2005;McAllister and McAllister 2006). The current results are consistent with these findings and demonstrate that increases in context generalization are not simply the result of fear incubation.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

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Memory for context becomes less specific with time

Wiltgen¹,

Silva²

2007

Learn. Mem.

273

274

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Context memories initially require the hippocampus, but over time become independent of this structure. This shift reflects a consolidation process whereby memories are gradually stored in distributed regions of the cortex. The function of this process is thought to be the extraction of statistical regularities and general knowledge from specific experiences. The current study examined this idea in mice by measuring the specificity of context memories during consolidation. In the first experiment, separate groups of animals were trained with a single shock and tested in the training context or a novel environment 1, 14, 28, or 36 d later. We found a systematic increase in generalization over this period. Initially, mice froze more in the training context, but fear of the novel environment grew over time until animals eventually froze an equivalent amount in both contexts. The second experiment demonstrated that the increase in generalization was due to a loss of detailed information about the context and not fear incubation. In this experiment, mice were exposed to the context and then trained with an immediate shock 1 or 36 d later. Animals trained 1 d after exposure acquired robust context fear that did not generalize across environments. In contrast, mice trained 36 d after exposure froze an equivalent amount in the training context and the novel environment. The same profile was observed in H-ras mutants that exhibit enhanced hippocampal plasticity and learning. These results suggest that context memories are specific early after training when they require the hippocampus, and become more general as they are permanently stored in the cortex.The hippocampus plays a time-limited role in the retrieval of memory. Damage to this structure produces a loss of recently formed memories and leaves intact those acquired in the remote past (Anagnostaras et al. 1999;Squire et al. 2004;Bayley et al. 2005). As memory becomes independent of the hippocampus, it is thought to be permanently stored in distributed regions of the cortex (Squire and Alvarez 1995;Squire et al. 2004;Wiltgen et al. 2004;Frankland and Bontempi 2005). Consistent with this idea, recent animal studies showed activation of cortical sites and a concurrent deactivation of the hippocampus when old memories were retrieved. Pharmacological inactivation of these same cortical regions during retrieval produced a selective remote memory deficit (Bontempi et al. 1999;Frankland et al. 2004a;Maviel et al. 2004).Contemporary learning models suggest this reorganization of memory systems reflects an important process, the extraction of statistical regularities, and general knowledge from specific experiences (McClelland et al. 1995;O'Reilly and Rudy 2001). According to these models, the hippocampus rapidly encodes detailed memories (i.e., episodes) and then replays them so that the cortex can slowly extract features that are common across experiences (i.e., semantic memories). Consistent with this idea, episodic memory retrieval in humans includes a detailed reexperie...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Fear Generalization Increases Over Timesupporting

confidence: 88%

supporting

confidence: 91%

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Memory for context becomes less specific with time

Wiltgen¹,

Silva²

2007

Learn. Mem.

273

274

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“…Recovery of the IA response cannot be ascribed to renewal or reinstatement either. The former occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented outside of the extinction context (36), whereas the latter results from the unexpected delivery of the unconditioned stimulus (37). None of these conditions were present in our experimental design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Retrieval induces reconsolidation of fear extinction memory

Rossato

Bevilaqua

Izquierdo

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The nonreinforced expression of long-tem memory may lead to two opposite protein synthesis-dependent processes: extinction and reconsolidation. Extinction weakens consolidated memories, whereas reconsolidation allows incorporation of additional information into them. Knowledge about these two processes has accumulated in recent years, but their possible interaction has not been evaluated yet. Here, we report that inhibition of protein synthesis in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus after retrieval of fear extinction impedes subsequent reactivation of the extinction memory trace without affecting its storage or that of the initial fear memory. Our results suggest that extinction memory is susceptible to a retrieval-induced process similar to reconsolidation in the hippocampus.learning | anisomycin | amnesia W ithout retrieval, memories would be unusable. Retrieval, however, can weaken long-term memory (LTM). In fact, it is known that reactivation through exposure to training-related stimuli transiently destabilizes the consolidated memory trace, which, to remain behaviorally available, must go through a protein synthesis-dependent process called reconsolidation. Additionally, when retrieval in the absence of appropriate reinforcement is repeated regularly enough, it induces memory extinction, a phenomenon characterized by a decrease in the amplitude and/or frequency of the learned response that also requires protein synthesis in definite areas of the brain.Reconsolidation and extinction are functionally related; both require acquisition of retrieval-related information connected to previous learning. They are mechanistically different, however; extinction involves additional learning and replaces the expression of the original memory with a newly formed one (1, 2), whereas reconsolidation restabilizes the old memory opened to modification or strengthening by retrieval (3-6).Given the clinical relevance that reconsolidation blockade and extinction enhancement could have (7,8), research about the consequences of retrieval on LTM persistence has concentrated on the molecular, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological requirements of reconsolidation and extinction (9-12) as well as on the elucidation of the behavioral and neurochemical conditions that constrain or facilitate either process (13-15). The potential interaction of extinction and reconsolidation has been comparatively less studied, and when so, the studies produced contradictory results. Thus, it was earlier proposed that extinction can act as a boundary condition preventing fear memories from undergoing reconsolidation (16,17), but more recent reports indicate that reconsolidation is independent of any influence from fear extinction (18). Indeed, the likelihood of reconsolidation for fear extinction memory has never been evaluated before.To do that, we analyzed the effect of the intrahippocampal administration of protein synthesis inhibitors on the stability of a consolidated fear extinction memory trace. Our findings strongly support the hypothesi...

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“…For both CTX and COND, this session was the first experience of shock in the context and thus was considered to be an initial conditioning session. A short session with one shock was chosen to avoid the possibility of all groups reaching a behavioral ceiling (high freezing levels) if given a session similar to Day 1 with 4 shocks, as it has been reported that reconditioning can cause rapidly reacquired behavior in one to two trials (McAllister & McAllister, 1988; 1994; 2006). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid reacquisition of contextual fear following extinction in mice: effects of amount of extinction, acute ethanol withdrawal, and ethanol intoxication

Williams

Lattal

2018

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale: Many studies have found that ethanol intoxication and withdrawal impairs initial acquisition or extinction of learned behaviors. Rapid reconditioning following extinction is a form of post-extinction re-emergence of conditioned behavior that has not been studied for its interaction with ethanol intoxication or withdrawal. Objectives: The goals of this paper were to define the parameters that allow rapid post-extinction reacquisition of fear in mice and investigate the effect of acute ethanol withdrawal and intoxication on acquisition, extinction, and post-extinction reconditioning. Methods: We examined acquisition, extinction, and post-extinction reconditioning of contextual fear in male C57BL/6 mice. Acute ethanol withdrawal occurred 6 hr following a 4 g/kg injection of 20% ethanol and acute ethanol intoxication occurred 5 min following a 1.5 g/kg injection of 20% ethanol. Results: A weak context-shock pairing caused rapid reacquisition of conditioned freezing following moderate, but not extensive extinction. Acute ethanol intoxication impaired initial conditioning and acute ethanol withdrawal impaired rapid reacquisition after extinction, but not reconditioning or extinction itself. Conclusions: These findings show that rapid reconditioning occurs following moderate, but not extensive extinction in C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, acute ethanol withdrawal and intoxication may differentially affect different phases of conditioning. Results are discussed in terms of current ideas about post-extinction behavior and ethanol’s effects on memory.

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Recovery of conditioned fear by a single postextinction shock: Effect of similarity of shock contexts and of time following extinction

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Memory for context becomes less specific with time

Memory for context becomes less specific with time

Retrieval induces reconsolidation of fear extinction memory

Rapid reacquisition of contextual fear following extinction in mice: effects of amount of extinction, acute ethanol withdrawal, and ethanol intoxication

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