“…Inner-sphere surface complexation of heavy metal ions, which is more relevant to Pb sorption in field settings than ion exchange and surface precipitation, involves proton exchange with hydroxyl groups on soil minerals (e.g. Al, Fe and Mn oxides and clay minerals) or functional groups economically feasible with acceptable environmental risk in a number of studies on the recovery of added EDTA and heavy metals from washing effluents [10][11][12][13][14], most of these previous studies, however, primarily focused on soils contaminated with heavy metals only. Instead, according to statistical data of Compensation, and Liability Act Information System by USEPA in 2003 [15], 67 % sites on the National Priority List were contaminated by both heavy metals and organic contaminants.…”