Recovery of Iron from Copper Slag Using Coal-Based Direct Reduction: Reduction Characteristics and Kinetics

Zhang, Hanquan; Hu, Chaojie; Gao, Wangjie; Lu, Manman

doi:10.3390/min10110973

Cited by 25 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…In previous studies, the initial characterization of smelter slag was followed by the proposal of a process route to utilize the slag. The slag can be characterized using Xray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), and light optical microscopy (LOM) in transmitted and reflected light [45][46][47]. Previous studies have indicated that copper slag behaves differently when subjected to different temperatures, thus exhibiting different properties [42,48].…”

Section: Uses Of Metallurgical Slagmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review

et al. 2021

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Copper slag is generated when copper and nickel ores are recovered from their parent ores using a pyrometallurgical process, and these ores usually contain other elements which include iron, cobalt, silica, and alumina. Slag is a major problem in the metallurgical industries as it is dumped into heaps which have accumulated into millions of tons over the years. Moreover, they pose a danger to the environment as they occupy vacant land (space problems). Over the past few years, studies have been conducted to investigate the copper slag-producing outlets to learn their behavior, as well as properties of slag, to have the knowledge of how to better reuse and recycle copper slag. This review article provides the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of slag, as well as a characterization of copper slag, with the aim of reusing and recycling the slag to benefit the environment and economy. Recycling methods are considered an attractive technological pathway for reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as promoting the concept of circular economy through the utilization of waste. These metal elements have value depending on their characteristics; hence, copper slag is considered as a secondary source of valuable metals. Some of the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes to consider are physical separation, magnetic separation, flotation, leaching, and direct reduction roasting of iron (DRI). Some of the possible metals that can be recovered from the copper slag include Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, and Ag (precious metals).

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Section: Uses Of Metallurgical Slagmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Further slag processing or their direct use depends on the contents of valuable metal compounds and the contents of toxic metals, which are environmentally unfriendly and cannot be safely stored. In slags derived from various technological processes of copper production, the fractions of this chemical element widely differ, ranging from 0.5 wt% Cu to 16 wt% Cu [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Moreover, these slags contain heavy metals (e.g., lead, zinc, arsenic, chromium, mercury), and their compounds may pose a major hazard when released into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Reactivity of Selected Biomass Types Considering Their Application in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Metal Production

Findorak,

Pikna,

Matuła

et al. 2024

Materials

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In this paper, results of research on the reactivities of selected biomass types considering their application in pyrometallurgical processes of metal production are presented. Walnut shells, sunflower husk pellets and spent coffee grounds were selected as biomass materials. Their use as potential reducers in the process of metallurgical slag decopperisation is an innovative approach to this subject. The thermogravimetric findings show that all three tested biomass types are classified as highly reactive. The time to reach maximum reactivity ranges from 1.5 to 3 min and, the lowest value is recorded for the sample of spent coffee grounds. The sample hold time of two hours enables copper content reduction to approx. 1 wt% for practically all the reducers tested. A longer duration of liquid slag contact with the reducer results in a decreased copper content in the slag to a value below 1 wt%. Copper concentrations of 0.5 wt% and lower are observed with a hold time of 4 h. The preliminary results indicate that there is great potential for the use of this type of material in non-ferrous metallurgy, which may translate into replacing fossil raw materials and thus introducing the principles of a sustainable process in this case of metal production.

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“…Additionally, a significant proportion of the sulfides are locked in the fayalite phase, requiring costly fine grinding to liberate the sulfides for effective recovery by flotation [8,10,11]. A common pyrometallurgical route in slag cleaning is the carbothermal reduction method at high temperatures of around 1400 • C using a DC arc furnace; however, high energy consumptions remain an associated challenge [9,12]. A combined pyro-hydrometallurgical method of roasting with subsequent leaching is a commonly studied method in slag treatment [8,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a Hydrometallurgical Scheme for the Recovery of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt from Smelter Slag and Its Economic Evaluation

et al. 2023

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In pursuit of carbon neutrality, the demand for metals that are necessary for the development of clean energy technologies is rapidly increasing. Metallurgical waste, such as slag, presents a promising secondary source of these key metals. This research aims to develop an eco-friendly hydrometallurgical process to recover Cu, Ni, and Co from discarded copper/nickel slag. High-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) was used to selectively leach Ni, Cu, and Co from the fayalite slag, yielding high leaching efficiencies of 99.9%, 89.4%, and 99.9%, respectively, with low Fe and Si tenors to the pregnant leach solution (PLS). The solvent extraction (SX) technique utilizing LIX 984N was used to selectively extract and enrich copper from the dilute PLS to about 23 g/L Cu with a very low Fe concentration of 0.05 g/L. Potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) solution was used to form Ni and Co xanthate complexes from the raffinate solution. Nickel was selectively recovered using ammonia solution, while the cobalt xanthate complex was thermally decomposed and recovered as cobalt oxide solids of about 25 wt.% Co. A comprehensive process flowsheet is presented. Furthermore, to realize the real application of the developed slag cleaning process, a preliminary economic evaluation was performed.

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Recovery of Iron from Copper Slag Using Coal-Based Direct Reduction: Reduction Characteristics and Kinetics

Cited by 25 publications

References 43 publications

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review

Determining the Reactivity of Selected Biomass Types Considering Their Application in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Metal Production

Establishment of a Hydrometallurgical Scheme for the Recovery of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt from Smelter Slag and Its Economic Evaluation

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