Recovery of metal values from spent nickel–metal hydride rechargeable batteries

Zhang, Pingwei; Yokoyama, Toshiro; Itabashi, Osamu; Wakui, Yoshito; Suzuki, Toshishige M.; Inoue, Katsutoshi

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(98)00182-7

Cited by 144 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Nickel and Fe could be recovered from used batteries for use in the steel industry. Efficient recovery techniques have been developed for the recovery of spent NiMH batteries (Zhang et al, 1999;Tenorio and Espinosa, 2002). Similarly, LiOH, Co, Cu and Al could be recovered from Li-ion batteries (Lain, 2001;Lee and Rhee, 2002;Rydh and Svard, 2003).…”

Section: Sound Management Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal characterization of waste portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones

Nnorom

Osibanjo

2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Ten brands of spent portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones (lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride) were collected and disassembled and the battery electrode and printed wiring board prepared using the EPA Method 3050B. The metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean (± standard deviation) concentrations and range of cobalt, chromium, nickel and cadmium in the battery electrodes were 361284±32281mg/kg (range 20870-575330 mg/kg); 25.3 ± 4.6 mg/kg (7.9-149 mg/kg); 75272 ± 14630 mg/kg (3589-266607 mg/kg) and 2.8 ± 0.6 mg/kg (0.2-16.3 mg/kg), respectively. Similarly, the mean values of cobalt, chromium, nickel and cadmium in the PWB were 564 ± 165 mg/kg (56.1-4068 mg/kg); 28.1 ± 4.0 mg/kg (ND-97.2 mg/kg); 735 ± 188 mg/kg (22.7-2727 mg/kg) and 1.8 ± 0.3 mg/kg (ND-7.2 mg/kg), respectively. The Li-ion battery electrodes contained significantly higher levels of cobalt (p < 0.01) whereas, the NiMH battery contained significantly higher nickel (P < 0.01). All the results for the cobalt and nickel levels in the battery electrodes exceeded the toxicity threshold limit concentration used in the toxicity characterization of solid wastes (cobalt, 8000 mg/kg; nickel , 2000 mg/kg). In fact, the mean cobalt level of the battery electrode is about 45 times the toxicity threshold limit concentration limit for cobalt while the mean nickel result is about 38 times the toxicity threshold limit concentration. Spent portable rechargeable batteries should be handled as toxic materials that require special treatment. Implementation of a well-coordinated management strategy for spent batteries is urgently required to check the dissipation of large doses of toxic heavy metals and rare earth into the environment.

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Section: Sound Management Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal characterization of waste portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones

Nnorom

Osibanjo

2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries were developed in 1989 and commercialized in Japan in 1990, and have the advantages of high electrochemical capacity, safety, good environmental compatibility, the ability to function efficiently within a wide temperature range, long lifetimes, and low self-discharge rates (Zhang et al, 1999). Before 1992, NiCd batteries accounted for most of the market for portable rechargeable batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Lin

Huang

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Valuable metal materials can be recovered from spent nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. However, little attention has been paid to the metal compositions of individual components of NiMH batteries, although this is important for the selection of the appropriate recycling process. In this study, NiMH batteries were manually disassembled to identify the components and to characterize the metals in each of these. A preliminary economic analysis was also conducted to evaluate the recovery of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries using thermal melting versus simple mechanical separation. The results of this study show that metallic components account for more than 60% of battery weight. The contents of Ni, Fe, Co, and rare earth elements (REEs) (i.e., valuable metals of interest for recovery) in a single battery were 17.9%, 15.4%, 4.41%, and 17.3%, respectively. Most of the Fe was in the battery components of the steel cathode collector, cathode cap, and anode metal grid, while Ni (>90%) and Co (>90%) were mainly in the electrode active materials (anode and cathode metal powders). About 1.88 g of REEs (Ce, La, and Y) could be obtained from one spent NiMH battery. The estimated profits from recovering valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries by using thermal melting and mechanical processes are 2,329 and 2,531 USD/ton, respectively, when including a subsidy of 1,710 USD/ton. The findings of this study are very useful for further research related to technical and economic evaluations of the recovery of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries.Implications: The spent nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries were manually disassembled and their components were identified. The metals account for more than 60% of battery weight, when Ni, Fe, Co, and rare earth elements (REEs) were 17.9%, 15.4%, 4.41%, and 17.3%, respectively, in a single battery. The estimated profits of recovering valuable metals from NiMH batteries by using thermal melting and mechanical processing are 2,329 and 2,531 USD/ton, respectively, when including a subsidy of 1,710 USD/ton. These findings are very useful to develop or select the recovery methods of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries.PAPER HISTORY

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“…De acordo com Zhang e colaboradores as baterias de Ni-MH foram desenvolvidas em 1989 e comercializadas principalmente no Japão em 1990. 1 Estas baterias são ecologicamente corretas e podem substituir as baterias de Ni-Cd em muitas aplicações. As baterias secundárias de níquel-hidreto metálico são comumente usadas como fontes de energia em dispositivos eletrônicos, tais como: celulares, computadores e veículos elétricos híbridos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Como resultado, a reciclagem de baterias se tornou uma importante questão. 16,17 Neste trabalho, um processo hidrometalúrgico para a reciclagem de metais de terras raras, níquel, cobalto, ferro e manganês presentes nos eletrodos negativos de baterias de telefones Ni-MH móveis foi desenvolvido. Os metais das terras raras foram recuperados como sais de sulfato.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Método hidrometalúrgico para reciclagem de metais terras raras, cobalto, níquel, ferro e manganês de eletrodos negativos de baterias exauridas de Ni-MH de telefone celular

Santos¹,

Celante²,

Lélis³

et al. 2014

Quím. Nova

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. A hydrometallurgical method for the recovery of rare earth metals, cobalt, nickel, iron, and manganese from the negative electrodes of spent Ni-MH mobile phone batteries was developed. The rare earth compounds were obtained by chemical precipitation at pH 1.5, with sodium cerium sulfate (NaCe (SO 4 INTRODUÇÃOAs baterias Ni-MH têm sido ativamente pesquisadas desde 1950, como resultado do desenvolvimento de ligas de armazenamento de hidrogênio, mas não tiveram uso comercial até 1980. A preocupação ambiental cresceu no final da década de 1990, devido às restrições sobre a utilização de metais pesados, tais como chumbo, mercúrio, e cádmio. Isto levou ao desenvolvimento das chamadas baterias "verdes". De acordo com Zhang e colaboradores as baterias de Ni-MH foram desenvolvidas em 1989 e comercializadas principalmente no Japão em 1990. 1 Estas baterias são ecologicamente corretas e podem substituir as baterias de Ni-Cd em muitas aplicações. As baterias secundárias de níquel-hidreto metálico são comumente usadas como fontes de energia em dispositivos eletrônicos, tais como: celulares, computadores e veículos elétricos híbridos. 2,3 Há outras vantagens para as baterias Ni-MH, incluindo uma maior densidade de energia, taxas de carga/descarga mais elevadas, maior capacidade a baixa temperatura e a ausência de efeito memória. 4,5 As baterias de íon -lítio foram produzidas pela Sony em 1991. Estas baterias têm substituído as baterias Ni-Cd e Ni-MH em muitas aplicações devido à sua alta densidade de energia, baixa taxa de auto-descarga e excelente ciclo de vida. Essas baterias também são aceitáveis em termos ambientais. 6 A necessidade de baterias com alta eficiência energética que podem ser usadas com altas cargas e altas taxas de descarga tem aumentado o uso de baterias de íon -lítio. Como consequência, o consumo de baterias Ni-MH para telefones celulares e notebooks diminuiu. O descarte de baterias exauridas de Ni-MH tornou-se assim um assunto de interesse entre os pesquisadores.O elétrodo positivo de Ni-MH consiste em NiOOH/Ni(OH) 2 , juntamente com aditivos, tais como: o grafite e o cobalto que melhoram o seu desempenho. Cobalto tem a finalidade de recobrir as partículas de hidróxido de níquel, aumentando a diferença de potencial entre a reação desejada de oxidação do hidróxido de níquel e a reação indesejável de desprendimento de oxigênio no eletrodo positivo. 7 O eletrólito é geralmente hidróxido de potássio, e os separadores consistem de poliamida, poliolefina ou uma mistura de ambos. 8,9 O elétrodo negativo das baterias de Ni-MH utiliza hidrogênio absorvido em ligas de tipo AB 2 ou AB 5 . As ligas do tipo AB 2 mais estudadas podem ser compostas por Ti-Zr-V-Ni-Cr e/ou outros elementos, onde Ti e Zr representam o componente A. 10 Paul Ruetschi e colaboradores relatam uma composição definida para as ligas AB 2 como: V 15 Ti 15 Zr 20 Ni 28 Cr 5 Co 5 Fe 6 Mn 6 . 11 Ligas AB 2 possuem grande capacidade de armazenamento de hidrogênio e um melhor ciclo de vida do que as ligas convencionais do tipo AB 5 , contudo suas a...

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Recovery of metal values from spent nickel–metal hydride rechargeable batteries

Cited by 144 publications

References 17 publications

Heavy metal characterization of waste portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones

Heavy metal characterization of waste portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones

Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Método hidrometalúrgico para reciclagem de metais terras raras, cobalto, níquel, ferro e manganês de eletrodos negativos de baterias exauridas de Ni-MH de telefone celular

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