2013
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.089
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Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental assessment

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Cited by 435 publications
(204 citation statements)
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“…The subcritical co-treatment process has essentially the same lithium battery dismantling process and metal recovery efficiency as the hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. In comparison, hydrometallurgy requires the use of an acid source, such as strong acids (HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 and HCl) or inorganic acids [9,10,31]. In addition, in order to accelerate the leaching of Co 3+ from LiCoO 2 , hydrometallurgy requires the addition of a reductant (e.g.…”
Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The subcritical co-treatment process has essentially the same lithium battery dismantling process and metal recovery efficiency as the hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. In comparison, hydrometallurgy requires the use of an acid source, such as strong acids (HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 and HCl) or inorganic acids [9,10,31]. In addition, in order to accelerate the leaching of Co 3+ from LiCoO 2 , hydrometallurgy requires the addition of a reductant (e.g.…”
Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, in order to accelerate the leaching of Co 3+ from LiCoO 2 , hydrometallurgy requires the addition of a reductant (e.g. H 2 O 2 ) to convert Co 3+ to Co 2+ [9,10,32]. Moreover, the pyrometallurgy equipment is highly expensive, with reaction temperatures generally above 700-1000 • C, resulting in a large consumption of energy [6,33].…”
Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Figure 10 depicts one such process, which is under development (Li et al 2012) and has been applied to spent laptop batteries with LiCoO 2 cathode chemistry. We applied it to spent vehicle batteries with LiMn 2 O 4 cathodes and assumed that the same cobalt and lithium recovery rates are achieved for vehicle and laptop battery cells under the same conditions.…”
Section: Hydrometallurgical Recycling Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We adopted the average electricity consumption of the processes in Figure 12: 0.08 mmBtu electricity/ton. The subsequent leaching step involves reduction of the cobalt metal to a more soluble divalent form by hydrogen peroxide then subsequent chelation of the cobalt and lithium metals with the organic acid (Li et al 2012). The lithium is already in a soluble, monovalent form and we assume that manganese would behave similarly to cobalt if the cathode material were LiMn 2 O 4 .…”
Section: Figure 11 Purchased Energy Intensity Of Hydrometallurgical Pmentioning
confidence: 99%