Recovery of scandium from various sources: A critical review of the state of the art and future prospects

Botelho, Amilton Barbosa; Espinosa, Denise Crocce Romano; Vaughan, James; Tenório, Jorge Alberto Soares

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107148

Cited by 74 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 209 publications

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“…Despite the high capacity of battery recycling to obtain Co in comparison to other processes (7000 tons/year), pyrometallurgical processes have been replaced by hydrometallurgical owing to (i) lower energy consumption; (ii) recovery high-pure products; (iii) possibility to obtain different co-products; and (iv) achieves more goals for sustainable development [15,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Urban Mining and Challenges For Sustainable Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a branch of hydrometallurgy, the process is based on microorganisms in aqueous media for leaching and separation of metallic ions. Several authors considered the technique promising, with potential for industrial-scale and eco-friendly, mainly for low-grade and complex sources, where waste electronics are included [15,37,[161][162][163] Bioleaching includes three types of processes:…”

Section: Biohydrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Botelho

Stopić

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Metals

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The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.

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Section: Urban Mining and Challenges For Sustainable Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biohydrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Botelho

Stopić

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Metals

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“…A hydrometallurgical route has been explored for the extraction of rare-earth elements from bauxite residue and nickel laterite waste since these elements' concentration is up to 100 mg/kg or lower [15][16][17][18][19]. Borra et al (2015) studied the direct leaching of bauxite residue to extract rare-earth elements, achieving up to an 80% extraction efficiency [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Rare-Earth Elements from Silicate-Based Ore through Hydrometallurgical Route

Botelho

Espinosa

Vaughan

et al. 2022

Metals

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The European Union and several countries/regions classified the rare-earth elements (REEs), such as lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, and scandium, as critical due to the risk of supply interruption. For this reason, the growing demand for REEs has resulted in forgotten reserves receiving economic interest. So, the search for new sources and the development of chemical process is important, such as silicate-based ore. Since there is almost no literature on the extraction of REEs from this source, a new approach was developed in the present study. Direct leaching and acid baking were studied using sulfuric acid. The effect of the acid concentration, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, oxidizing/reducing medium, and acid dosage were studied. Results showed that the extraction of REEs achieved up to 80% at 90 °C in oxidizing medium, and scandium and iron achieved 13.5% and 65.0%, respectively. For the acid baking experiments, the results were better than direct leaching for REEs at over 85%. The scandium leaching rate was lower than direct leaching. On the other hand, the extraction of iron was lower in acid baking than direct leaching. The iron and scandium extraction rates were higher in lower temperatures (<200 °C) and acid dosages, achieving 50% and 6.3%, respectively. Future studies should explore thermal treatment before acid leaching.

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“…The search for new natural resources of critical metals has encouraged research works about identifying some new available raw materials supply and new strategies for intensive valorization. The recent published reviews are available on such subjects as occurrence, exploration and analysis of the critical lanthanides minerals [4][5][6][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], as well as the new strategies to bring all these resources in the circular economy [32][33][34][35]. Also, valuable reviews cover different subjects concerning the mobilization of huge deposits residual materials from other large-scale industries, like red mud and other poly-metallic resources [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], phosphate materials and phospho-gypsum [10-12, 18, 27, 48-51] and the coal and coal ashes [52][53][54][55][56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lanthanides as impurities in the Bayer production cycle of the aluminum hydroxide from Sierra Leone bauxite

Kim¹,

Dobra²,

Isopescu³

et al. 2022

RJEEC

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This paper is describing a careful study of the content and distribution of rare elements in the fluid and solid phases involved in dry and classified aluminum hydroxide production through the Bayer process at Alum SA, Tulcea, Romania. The source of rare elements in the Bayer process is the bauxite from Sierra Leone, a particular type of aluminous goethite-lateritic bauxite, not fully studied yet. Rare earth elements are fairly abundant in nature, but their distribution is very large, encompassing hundreds of types of minerals where the rare element appears as minor crystalline and amorphous compounds, solid solutions, or as ions adsorbed on the surface of common natural rocks. This study data show that Sierra Leone bauxite has only a small content in rare elements. Mainly, only the scandium and cerium concentrations (44.84 mg/kg and 11.49 mg/kg in bauxite residue) may reach the expected values required for eventual valorization. On the Bayer cycle, the rare metals enter with bauxite and concentrate in bauxite residues. Solubility of the rare element compounds in the Bayer process fluid phases is close to zero. In the final product, the aluminum hydroxide dried, milled and classified grades, the rare metals appear only as occlusion contaminants.

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Recovery of scandium from various sources: A critical review of the state of the art and future prospects

Cited by 74 publications

References 209 publications

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Extraction of Rare-Earth Elements from Silicate-Based Ore through Hydrometallurgical Route

Lanthanides as impurities in the Bayer production cycle of the aluminum hydroxide from Sierra Leone bauxite

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