Recovery of spent LiCoO2 lithium-ion battery via environmentally friendly pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical leaching

Ren, Tao; Xing, Peng; Li, Huiquan; Sun, Ze; Wu, Yufeng

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105921

Cited by 84 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…The researchers studied the recovery characteristics of pyrolysis of used LIBs under different atmospheres. Tao et al [25] cut the cathode material into small 5×5 cm pieces, placed the full component pieces in a tube furnace, and pyrolyzed them under a nitrogen atmosphere. The pyrolysis slag is ground and sieved to obtain a mixed powder of cathode and anode materials, which is dissolved in deionized water, and the lithium is leached using carbonic acid to obtain a lithium carbonate precipitate.…”

Section: Pyrometallurgy Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

et al. 2022

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With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry in recent years, the use of lithium batteries is growing rapidly. From 2015 to 2040, the production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles could reach 0.33 to 4 million tons. It is predicted that a total of 21 million end-of-life lithium battery packs will be generated between 2015 and 2040. Spent lithium batteries can cause pollution to the soil and seriously threaten the safety and property of people. They contain valuable metals, such as cobalt and lithium, which are nonrenewable resources, and their recycling and treatment have important economic, strategic, and environmental benefits. Estimations show that the weight of spent electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries will reach 500,000 tons in 2020. Methods for safely and effectively recycling lithium batteries to ensure they provide a boost to economic development have been widely investigated. This paper summarizes the recycling technologies for lithium batteries discussed in recent years, such as pyrometallurgy, acid leaching, solvent extraction, electrochemical methods, chlorination technology, ammoniation technology, and combined recycling, and presents some views on the future research direction of lithium batteries.

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Section: Pyrometallurgy Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Recently, a novel process of simultaneous leaching and precipitation of LCO as cobalt tartrate using tartaric acid and H 2 O 2 reductant has been reported . However, terrestrial and aquatic pollution caused by the lixiviant generation, high consumption of reducing agents, and organic acids to decompose the layered structure often offset the economic and environmental benefits of hydrometallurgical processing. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,13 Recently, pyrolysis for reducing a cathode material using a carbonaceous material followed by water leaching and magnetic separation has been reported. 7,14,15 An activation energy of ∼395 kJ/mol is reported to decompose the spent cathode powder. 15 Carbothermal reduction roasting and pyrolysis processes are efficient in the selective recovery of metals; however, using a carbonaceous reductant material is unfavorable due to the decarbonization demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 However, terrestrial and aquatic pollution caused by the lixiviant generation, high consumption of reducing agents, and organic acids to decompose the layered structure often offset the economic and environmental benefits of hydrometallurgical processing. 7,27 Reduction roasting and pyrolysis are often employed before leaching to alter the reduced product's metal valence state to avoid reductant usage. 28,29 Carbothermal reduction holds negative credit toward the global carbon neutrality research efforts and simultaneously loses precious intrinsic graphite values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LiCoO 2 (LCO)-type batteries are currently the preferred choice for portable electronics due to their high compaction energy density and high charging cutoff voltage. , Spent LCO batteries can be referred to as urban mines because they contain critical raw materials such as cobalt (Co), lithium (Li), graphite, and base metals (copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al)). , Hence, recycling spent LIBs for sustainability, circular economy, and avoiding environmental hazards is crucial. − The current recycling processes involve hydrometallurgy or pyro-metallurgy routes, solid-state reduction, or a combination . Pyrometallurgical processes adopt high-temperature smelting to separate the valuable metals from slags but often report the emission of harmful gases (like SO 2 and NO 2 ). , The smelting process offers single-step processing and acceptance of the different types of batteries with other scrap materials simultaneously .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO₂ Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values

Bhandari

Dhawan

2022

Energy Fuels

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The massive availability of discarded LiCoO2 (LCO)-type batteries calls for inevitable metal recycling. Hydrogen reduction of retrieved cathode powder was investigated to recover Li and Co values selectively. A systematic experimental investigation with detailed characterization was conducted for the underlying reduction mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental evidence show that the stable layered LCO structure breaks to Co metal/oxides above 500 °C. The effect of temperature and time was studied, followed by water leaching for selective Li recovery. Magnetic separation was carried out on the leach residue, and 140 emu/g saturation magnetization of the magnetic fraction was found at 800 °C (60 min). A dissolution of 99% Co with 80% Li recovery was obtained at a lower reduction temperature (600 °C, 60 min) with a magnetic yield of 64%, followed by 2 M H2SO4 leaching. Reduction at a high temperature (800 °C) was beneficial for recovering metallic Co with a yield of 56% but with lower Li dissolution. HRTEM studies on reduced products reveal the complete reduction of the metallic Co phase and Li entrapment in the reduced powder. Overall, 52 g of lithium carbonate salt (Li2CO3 > 99%) and ∼380 g of a cobalt oxalate (>97%) precursor can be obtained from 1 kg of discarded batteries after hydrogen reduction at 600 °C. The proposed hydrogen reduction followed by magnetic separation is promising and sustainable for metal recovery from end-of-life batteries.

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Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review

Tian,

Graczyk‐Zajac,

Kessler

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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The proliferation of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) over the past decade has led to a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by these batteries reaching the end of their lifespan. With retired EVs becoming more prevalent, recycling and reusing their components, particularly graphite, has become imperative as the world transitions toward electric mobility. Graphite constitutes ≈20% of LIBs by weight, making it a valuable resource to be conserved. This review presents an in‐depth analysis of the current global graphite mining landscape and explores potential opportunities for the “second life” of graphitefrom depleted LIBs. Various recycling and reactivation technologies in both industry and academia are discussed, along with potential applications for recycled graphite forming a vital aspect of the waste management hierarchy. Furthermore, this review addresses the future challenges faced by the recycling industry in dealing with expired LIBs, encompassing environmental, economic, legal, and regulatory considerations. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the developments in recycling and reusing graphite from retired LIBs, offering valuable insights for forthcoming large‐scale recycling efforts.

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Recovery of spent LiCoO2 lithium-ion battery via environmentally friendly pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical leaching

Cited by 84 publications

References 46 publications

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO₂ Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values

Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review

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Recovery of spent LiCoO2 lithium-ion battery via environmentally friendly pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical leaching

Cited by 84 publications

References 46 publications

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO2 Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values

Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review

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Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO₂ Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values