Recovery of Tonate Virus (“Bijou Bridge” Strain), a Member of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Complex, from Cliff Swallow Nest Bugs (Oeciacus vicarius) and Nestling Birds in North America

Monath, Thomas P.; Lazuick, John S.; Cropp, C B; Rush, William A.; Calisher, C. H.; Kinney, Richard M.; Trent, Dennis W.; Kemp, Graham E.; Bowen, G. S.; Francy, D. B.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.969

Cited by 44 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…They should probably be considered distinct species. The Bijou Bridge strain from western North America, also a bird virus and apparently transmitted by nest bugs (40), is appropriately considered a strain of Tonate virus due to its genetic similarity and similar niche. (iii) Although its transmission cycle remains obscure, Trocara virus also appears to be a new Alphavirus species based on genetic distinctions from all other species (65).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics of the Alphaviruses

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Brault

Shirako

et al. 2001

J Virol

341

287

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Partial E1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus Alphavirus. Tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the Old or the New World, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. The time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indicated that the nucleotide substitution rate varies considerably across sites within the genome. While most trees showed evolutionary relationships consistent with current antigenic complexes and species, several changes to the current classification are proposed. The recently identified fish alphaviruses salmon pancreas disease virus and sleeping disease virus appear to be variants or subtypes of a new alphavirus species. Southern elephant seal virus is also a new alphavirus distantly related to all of the others analyzed. Tonate virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strain 78V3531 also appear to be distinct alphavirus species based on genetic, antigenic, and ecological criteria. Trocara virus, isolated from mosquitoes in Brazil and Peru, also represents a new species and probably a new alphavirus complex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics of the Alphaviruses

Powers

Brault

Shirako

et al. 2001

J Virol

341

287

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“…Experimental data on migratory birds confirmed that they are effective amplifying hosts with moderate to high levels of viremia for 2-4 days postinoculation, sufficient to infect vector mosquitoes (Dickerman et al, 1980). Tonate virus is antigenically related to VEE virus; it was isolated from birds and mosquitoes in French Guiana, and then from cimicid bugs (Oeciacus vicarius) parasitizing Petrochelidon pyrrhonota and Passer domesticus in the USA (Monath et al, 1980). The isolation of this virus in the USA might reflect its introduction by migratory birds from South America.…”

Section: Checklist Of Pathogens Carried By Migratory Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Annotated Checklist of Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated With Migratory Birds

Hubálek

2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

400

312

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The potential for transport and dissemination of certain pathogenic microorganisms by migratory birds is of concern. Migratory birds might be involved in dispersal of microorganisms as their biological carriers, mechanical carriers, or as carriers of infected hematophagous ectoparasites (e.g., ixodid ticks). Many species of microorganisms pathogenic to homeothermic vertebrates including humans have been associated with free-living migratory birds. Migratory birds of diverse species can play significant roles in the ecology and circulation of some arboviruses (e.g., eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis and Sindbis alphaviruses, West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis flaviviruses), influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, duck plague herpesvirus, Chlamydophila psittaci, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium avium, Candida spp., and avian hematozoans. The efficiency of dispersal of pathogenic microorganisms depends on a wide variety of biotic and abiotic factors affecting the survival of the agent in, or disappearance from, a habitat or ecosystem in a new geographic area.

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“…Cliff swallows are associated with a variety of ectoparasites, endoparasites and viruses (Monath et al 1980;Scott et al 1984;Brown et al 2001). In our study area, the most common ectoparasites are a bird flea (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae: Ceratophyllus celsus) and the swallow bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Oeciacus vicarius).…”

Section: (A) Study Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spleen volume varies with colony size and parasite load in a colonial bird

Brown

2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Comparisons across bird species have indicated that those more exposed to parasites and pathogens invest more in immunological defence, as measured by spleen size. We investigated how spleen volume varied with colony size, parasite load and an individual's colony-size history in the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, a colonial passerine bird of North America. We used a sample of over 1700 birds that had all died during a period of inclement weather in 1996. We experimentally manipulated ectoparasitism by fumigating nests in some colonies prior to the bad weather. Birds from parasite-free colonies had significantly smaller spleens than those from naturally infested sites; spleen volume did not differ between the sexes and did not vary with age. Mean spleen volume increased significantly with the colony size at a site prior to the bad weather in 1996 and at the site in 1995, both measures of colony size being indices of ectoparasitism at a site. An individual's history of breeding-colony size (defined as the average colony size it had occupied in years prior to 1996) had no association with its spleen size. The results are consistent with parasite-induced splenomegaly whenever birds are exposed to large numbers of ectoparasites. The results do not support spleen size as being a signal of differential life-history investment in immunological defence among individuals and thus run counter to interpretations from recent cross-species comparisons.

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Recovery of Tonate Virus (“Bijou Bridge” Strain), a Member of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Complex, from Cliff Swallow Nest Bugs (Oeciacus vicarius) and Nestling Birds in North America

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics of the Alphaviruses

Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics of the Alphaviruses

An Annotated Checklist of Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated With Migratory Birds

Spleen volume varies with colony size and parasite load in a colonial bird

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