Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into prostate tumours promotes metastasis

Jung, Younghun; Kim, Jin Koo; Shiozawa, Yusuke; Wang, Jingcheng; Mishra, Anjali; Joseph, Jeena; Berry, Janice E.; McGee, Samantha; Lee, Eunsohl; Sun, Hongli; Wang, Jianhua; Jin, Taocong; Zhang, Honglai; Dai, Jinlu; Krebsbach, Paul H.; Keller, Evan T.; Pienta, Kenneth J.; Taichman, Russell S.

doi:10.1038/ncomms2766

Cited by 367 publications

(310 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…CAFs have been identified as potent stimulators of cancer metastasis (102,103). They contribute to remodeling of the tumor microenvironment and promote its stiffness mediating a mesenchymal phenotype in epithelial cells by loosing their cell-cell junctions and polarity (104,105).…”

Section: Exosome Mediated Interplay Between Tumor Cells With Fibroblamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis

Weidle

Birzele

Kollmorgen

et al. 2017

CGP

168

133

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Abstract. Exosomes are important contributors to cellMetastases are responsible for the death of a large majority of cancer patients despite considerable progress in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapies including immuno-therapy (1). A dramatic reduction of metastatic burden has been observed, however, tumor elimination is almost always incomplete. This phenomenon is based on drug resistance, which is due to adaptation of intracellular pathways or on activation of survival-supporting autocrine and paracrine pathways and several secreted factors expressed by drug-sensitive tumor cells after therapy (2). Metastasis can occur through release of cancer cells from the primary tumor into body cavities that holds true for ovarian and CNS tumors, or via hematogeneous and lymphatic vessels of the circulatory system (3). Metastases of some tumors are directed besides to lymph nodes to mainly one type of organ only, such as prostate cancer to the bones, pancreatic cancer and uveal melanoma to the liver, whereas tumors such as melanoma, breast-and lung cancer can colonize several types of organs (3). Tumor cells have been found in the blood of patients with early-stage cancer and in some cases even before the primary tumor has been diagnosed (4, 5). Recently, making use of single-cell expression profiling, it has been shown that early metastatic cells possess a stem-like gene signature and give rise to heterogeneous metastases (6). The metastatic process is characterized by a defined sequence of events (7,8). Initial steps are detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), invasion into the surrounding tissue and proteolysis of the basement membrane. After intravasation, survival of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is achieved by forming clusters, binding to platelets and immune evasion. Subsequently, they arrest in distal microvascular beds and extravasation can be achieved either by migration through intercellular junctions of endothelial cells (EC) or penetration of a single EC (9). CTCs can also colonize their tumors of origin, a process referred to as "tumor self-seeding", selecting for cancer cell populations more aggressive than those present in the primary tumor (10). After extravasation, colonization and outgrowth in the parenchyma of distant organs are the following steps. A common theme of the metastatic process is settlement of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) into latency (dormancy), which can last from several months to decades (11). It has been observed that DTCs are recruited into pre-metastatic niches that support their survival by interactions with endothelial, myeloid cells, fibroblasts and other types of cells. After adaptation to the host microenvironment and suppression of an anti-tumoral immune response, DTCs are activated by not yet completely resolved mechanisms. Finally their outgrowth is based on an angiogenic switch mediated by pro-angiogenic factors and establishment of a vascular network to support the metabolic demands of colonizing tumor cells (12). In the follo...

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Section: Exosome Mediated Interplay Between Tumor Cells With Fibroblamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis

Weidle

Birzele

Kollmorgen

et al. 2017

CGP

168

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[5][6][7] Due to these characteristics, MSCs therefore, tumors are sometimes called wounds that do not heal. 10 MSCs have chemokine receptors 11 and a tendency to migrate through the chemokine gradient toward the tumor. 12,13 Owing to these tumor-tropic properties, MSCs could be used to transport therapeutic molecules directly to cancerous tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells as quantum dot vehicles to tumors

Dapkutė¹,

Steponkienė²,

Bulotienė³

et al. 2017

IJN

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Purpose Cell-mediated delivery of nanoparticles is emerging as a new method of cancer diagnostics and treatment. Due to their inherent regenerative properties, adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are naturally attracted to wounds and sites of inflammation, as well as tumors. Such characteristics enable MSCs to be used in cellular hitchhiking of nanoparticles. In this study, MSCs extracted from the skin connective tissue were investigated as transporters of semiconductor nanocrystals quantum dots (QDs). Materials and methods Cytotoxicity of carboxylated CdSe/ZnS QDs was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase cell viability assay. Quantitative uptake of QDs was determined by flow cytometry; their intracellular localization was evaluated by confocal microscopy. In vitro tumor-tropic migration of skin-derived MSCs was verified by Transwell migration assay. For in vivo migration studies of QD-loaded MSCs, human breast tumor-bearing immunodeficient mice were used. Results QDs were found to be nontoxic to MSCs in concentrations no more than 16 nM. The uptake studies showed a rapid QD endocytosis followed by saturating effects after 6 h of incubation and intracellular localization in the perinuclear region. In vitro migration of MSCs toward MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and their conditioned medium was up to nine times greater than the migration toward noncancerous breast epithelial cells MCF-10A. In vivo, systemically administered QD-labeled MSCs were mainly located in the tumor and metastatic tissues, evading most healthy organs with the exception being blood clearance organs (spleen, kidneys, liver). Conclusion Skin-derived MSCs demonstrate applicability in cell-mediated delivery of nanoparticles. The findings presented in this study promise further development of a cell therapy and nanotechnology-based tool for early cancer diagnostics and therapy.

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“…T he use of mesenchymal stromal or stem cells (MSCs) in cancer patients or cancer survivors is a promising strategy to improve treatment of advanced cancer (1) and to repair tissues damaged by cancers or by radical cancer therapies (2). Based on the unique homing capability of tissue-derived MSCs to stroma of various primary and metastatic cancers (3)(4)(5)(6), MSCs have the potential to treat or even eliminate various cancers by delivering various anticancer agents (7)(8)(9). Because of their potential for differentiation (10,11) and production of immunomodulatory, angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, anti-scarring, and prosurvival factors (12), MSCs have shown promising regeneration potential after radical cancer treatment in animal models, such as soft tissue reconstruction after disfiguring surgeries for head, neck, or breast cancers (13) and salivary gland regeneration for head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy (14,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

MSCs derived from iPSCs with a modified protocol are tumor-tropic but have much less potential to promote tumors than bone marrow MSCs

Zhao¹,

Gregory²,

Lee³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

142

139

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Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) have many potential therapeutic applications including therapies for cancers and tissue damages caused by cancers or radical cancer treatments. However, tissue-derived MSCs such as bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) may promote cancer progression and have considerable donor variations and limited expandability. These issues hinder the potential applications of MSCs, especially those in cancer patients. To circumvent these issues, we derived MSCs from transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) efficiently with a modified protocol that eliminated the need of flow cytometric sorting. Our iPSC-derived MSCs were readily expandable, but still underwent senescence after prolonged culture and did not form teratomas. These iPSC-derived MSCs homed to cancers with efficiencies similar to BM-MSCs but were much less prone than BM-MSCs to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, stemness, and growth of cancer cells. The observations were probably explained by the much lower expression of receptors for interleukin-1 and TGFβ, downstream protumor factors, and hyaluronan and its cofactor TSG6, which all contribute to the protumor effects of BM-MSCs. The data suggest that iPSC-derived MSCs prepared with the modified protocol are a safer and better alternative to BM-MSCs for therapeutic applications in cancer patients. The protocol is scalable and can be used to prepare the large number of cells required for "off-the-shelf" therapies and bioengineering applications.

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Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into prostate tumours promotes metastasis

Cited by 367 publications

References 52 publications

The Multiple Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis

The Multiple Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis

Skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells as quantum dot vehicles to tumors

MSCs derived from iPSCs with a modified protocol are tumor-tropic but have much less potential to promote tumors than bone marrow MSCs

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