Recuperator Alloys for High-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery

Lai, G.Y.; Rothman, M. F.; Baranow, Sandy; Herchenroeder, R.B.

doi:10.1007/bf03338320

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These observations were also supported by investigations reported in other publications [64,65]. At a temperature of 900 8C and an Ar-20%O 2 -2%Cl 2 gas mixture it was found that materials with high molybdenum content (Hastelloy X, S and C276) suffered from the evaporation of molybdenum oxychlorides.…”

Section: Molybdenumsupporting

confidence: 89%

The role of alloying elements in commercial alloys for corrosion resistance in oxidizing‐chloridizing atmospheres. Part I: Literature evaluation and thermodynamic calculations on phase stabilities

Bender

Schütze

2003

Materials & Corrosion

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In several high temperature processing environments the presence of chlorine may significantly reduce the life-time of the components. Although metallic materials have been widely used under such conditions there is still a need for data on the role of the different alloying elements in commercial alloys. In the present work this role was investigated in detail at temperatures between 650 and 1000 8C in synthetic air containing up to 2 vol.% Cl 2 . Before starting the experimental investigation a detailed literature evaluation on chlorine high temperature corrosion was performed followed by a thermodynamic assessment of the stability and the partial pressures of the phases formed by the reaction between alloy and environment. The results of this "theoretical approach" are presented in the following first part of the publication while the experimental work will be reported in the second part appearing in a later issue of this journal. Already the results of the "theoretical approach" yield a clear picture of which alloying elements play a detrimental role and which elements are beneficial. These results can be used as a tool for a general assessment of metallic alloys with regard to their performance in oxidizing/chloridizing high temperature environments. In the second part of this work the results from this "theoretical approach" will be compared with the behavior of 14 commercial materials, where the content of the major alloying elements was varied in a systematic manner.In einer Reihe von Hochtemperatur-Prozeßumgebungen führt die Anwesenheit von chlorhaltigen Verbindungen zu einer deutlichen Verkürzung der Lebensdauer der Anlagenbauteile. Obwohl in diesen Anlagen metallische Legierungen bereits in großem Umfang eingesetzt werden, besteht immer noch ein ausgeprägter Bedarf an Daten zur Rolle des Verhaltens der verschiedenen Legierungselemente unter diesen Bedingungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde diese Rolle im Detail bei Temperaturen von 650 bis 1000 8C in Luft mit Chlorgehalten bis zu 2% vol. untersucht. Vor der Durchführung des experimentellen Teils der Untersuchungen wurde eine umfangreiche Literaturauswertung vorgenommen, gefolgt von thermodynamischen Rechnungen zur Stabilität und zum Partialdruck der Phasen, die durch die Reaktion der Legierungen mit der Prozeßumgebung gebildet werden können. Die Ergebnisse dieses "theoretischen Ansatzes" werden im ersten Teil einer zweiteiligen Veröffentlichung vorgestellt, während über die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen im zweiten Teil berichtet wird, der in einer späteren Ausgabe dieser Zeitschrift erscheint. Bereits die Ergebnisse des "theoretischen Ansatzes" erlauben eine klare Einschätzung, welche Legierungselemente eine positive und welche eine negative Rolle bezüglich der Korrosionsbeständigkeit von metallischen Legierungen in diesen Umgebungen spielen. Diese Ergebnisse können als Werkzeug für die Bewertung des Verhaltens kommerzieller Werkstoffe in oxidierend/chlorierend wirkenden Atmosphären eingesetzt werden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit we...

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Section: Molybdenumsupporting

confidence: 89%

The role of alloying elements in commercial alloys for corrosion resistance in oxidizing‐chloridizing atmospheres. Part I: Literature evaluation and thermodynamic calculations on phase stabilities

Bender

Schütze

2003

Materials & Corrosion

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“…Bender et al also describe the work of several authors who found that molybdenum is almost inert against the attack of HCl under reducing conditions at about 900°C. The situation changes completely in atmospheres where oxygen is also present.…”

Section: Chlorination Behavior Of Nickel and Molybdenummentioning

confidence: 95%

Refractory metals and nickel in high temperature chlorine‐containing environments ‐ thermodynamic prediction of volatile corrosion products and surface reaction mechanisms: a review

Galetz

Rammer

Schütze

2015

Materials & Corrosion

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Thermodynamic calculations are an important tool for prediction of chemical reactions. In many cases the results help to understand and describe the experimental observations. In others, especially if reaction kinetics play a major role, their predictive value can be rather limited and the projected results have to be treated with care. One such case are high temperature chlorine corrosion conditions. For example, thermodynamically a similar corrosion behavior of nickel and molybdenum is predicted in chlorine‐containing atmospheres at low oxygen partial pressures. In contrast to their calculated similarity, experimental results showed much higher resistance of molybdenum against the chlorinating attack. Above 800 °C nickel is rapidly consumed, whereas molybdenum remains almost inert. This paper reviews the literature on the corrosion mechanisms and kinetics of nickel and molybdenum in chlorine‐containing environments as well as in mixed oxygen‐chlorine‐containing atmospheres. Based on the literature review, differences in their reaction kinetics are discussed, taking into account the deviation from an ideal thermodynamic correlation between the partial pressure and the reaction kinetics via the often used Hertz‐Langmuir equation. Finally it is shown that the findings concerning the special characteristics of molybdenum and nickel and the conclusions drawn from experimental observations on high temperature chlorine corrosion can also be transferred to other metals.

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“…The heat exchanging technologies that are targeted for waste heat recovery are: air preheaters, plate heat exchangers and heat pipe systems. 311 , 312 Off-gases coming from pyrometallurgical units typically consist of a mixture of inert and reactive gaseous species (which may arise from oxidizing, sulfidizing, carburizing, and chlorine-contaminated conditions 313 ) along with dust particles of various natures (i.e. metals, oxides and sulfides among others).…”

Section: Renewable Energies In Pyrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

Harvey

Courchesne

et al. 2022

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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Metals and alloys are among the most technologically important materials for our industrialized societies. They are the most common structural materials used in cars, airplanes and buildings, and constitute the technological core of most electronic devices. They allow the transportation of energy over great distances and are exploited in critical parts of renewable energy technologies. Even though primary metal production industries are mature and operate optimized pyrometallurgical processes, they extensively rely on cheap and abundant carbonaceous reactants (fossil fuels, coke), require high power heating units (which are also typically powered by fossil fuels) to calcine, roast, smelt and refine, and they generate many output streams with high residual energy content. Many unit operations also generate hazardous gaseous species on top of large CO2 emissions which require gas-scrubbing and capture strategies for the future. Therefore, there are still many opportunities to lower the environmental footprint of key pyrometallurgical operations. This paper explores the possibility to use greener reactants such as bio-fuels, bio-char, hydrogen and ammonia in different pyrometallurgical units. It also identifies all recycled streams that are available (such as steel and aluminum scraps, electronic waste and Li-ion batteries) as well as the technological challenges associated with their integration in primary metal processes. A complete discussion about the alternatives to carbon-based reduction is constructed around the use of hydrogen, metallo-reduction as well as inert anode electrometallurgy. The review work is completed with an overview of the different approaches to use renewable energies and valorize residual heat in pyrometallurgical units. Finally, strategies to mitigate environmental impacts of pyrometallurgical operations such as CO2 capture utilization and storage as well as gas scrubbing technologies are detailed. This original review paper brings together for the first time all potential strategies and efforts that could be deployed in the future to decrease the environmental footprint of the pyrometallurgical industry. It is primarily intended to favour collaborative work and establish synergies between academia, the pyrometallurgical industry, decision-makers and equipment providers. Graphical abstract Highlights A more sustainable production of metals using greener reactants, green electricity or carbon capture is possible and sometimes already underway. More investments and pressure are required to hasten change. Discussion Is there enough pressure on the aluminum and steel industries to meet the set climate targets? The greenhouse gas emissions of existing facilities can often be partly mitigated by retrofitting them with green technologies, should we close plants prematurely to build new plants using greener technologies? Since green or renewable resources presently have limited availability, in which sector should we use them to maximize their benefits?

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Recuperator Alloys for High-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

The role of alloying elements in commercial alloys for corrosion resistance in oxidizing‐chloridizing atmospheres. Part I: Literature evaluation and thermodynamic calculations on phase stabilities

The role of alloying elements in commercial alloys for corrosion resistance in oxidizing‐chloridizing atmospheres. Part I: Literature evaluation and thermodynamic calculations on phase stabilities

Refractory metals and nickel in high temperature chlorine‐containing environments ‐ thermodynamic prediction of volatile corrosion products and surface reaction mechanisms: a review

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

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