Recurrence Phenotypes and Establishment of Latency Following Rabbit Keratitis Produced by Multiple Herpes Simplex Virus Strains

Gerdes, J.; Smith, Diana S.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-64-11-2441

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We speculate, therefore, that some immunological event active early in infection is capable of preventing the development of most lesions although virus has escaped from neural tissue and replicated to low levels. Recurrences also occurred less frequently on the contralateral side, a finding similar to that reported by Gerdes & Smith (1983) following corneal infection. While these investigators felt that recurrences may be less frequent when the virus spreads to the opposite trigeminal ganglia from within the central nervous system it is also possible that the number of latently infected neurons on each side at least partly determines the recurrence rates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Tullo et al (1982) reported infection of the contralateral brainstem on days 5 to 7 in all three mice sacrificed on these days after corneal inoculation, while Simmons & Nash (1985b) reported isolation of HSV-1 from contralateral trigeminal ganglia only in immunosuppressed mice 8 days after percutaneous infection. Gerdes & Smith (1983) demonstrated that infection of the contralateral eye and ganglia of rabbits following corneal infection depended on the strain of virus inoculated, with HSV-2 strains in general more likely to exhibit crossover infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zosteriform Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Genital Infection in the Guinea-pig

Bernstein

Stanberry

1986

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYA model of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection was developed in the guinea-pig that permits investigation of the role of neural spread of virus in the pathogenesis of genital skin disease. After HSV-2 inoculation of an abraded area lateral to the external genital skin, virus was first detected in the ipsilateral (to the inoculation site) peripheral nerves or genital skin on day 2 or 3 post-inoculation followed by detection in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord on day 3 or 4. Virus also spread to the contralateral dorsal root ganglia, contralateral peripheral nerves and contralateral genital skin on day 4 or 5 although lesions were only rarely detected on the contralateral side. Genital skin lesions first developed on day 5 and were followed by the development of lesions along the medial aspect of the ipsilateral hindlimb. Virus was first detected in the vaginal vault on day 4 or 5. The development of lesions appeared to be unrelated to vaginal virus replication but was associated with the recovery of virus from peripheral nerves. Recurrent genital skin lesions were seen more commonly on the inoculated side than the contralateral side. Since the development of skin lesions appeared to result from virus emerging from nerve endings, an event similar to the terminal event that is believed to be involved in the development of recurrent lesions, we now have a model which may be useful in further exploring the pathogenesis of herpetic disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zosteriform Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Genital Infection in the Guinea-pig

Bernstein

Stanberry

1986

Journal of General Virology

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“…""2 The initial infection is often asymptomatic, but recurrent viral shedding from the trigeminal ganglia can initiate clinical ocular disease: 41% lid or conjunctival involvement, 72% corneal epithelial involvement, 12% comeal stromal involvement, and 9% uveitis. 45 In the Liesegang study in Minnesota,`a review of patient data of over 30 years showed that the recurrence rate increased with the number of previous episodes: Individuals with a second HSV episode had a cumulative incidence of a third episode of 23% at 1 year and 72% at 10 years. If patients had a third episode, the risk of a fourth rose to 27% at 1 year and 76% at 10 years.…”

Section: Hsv Latency-reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valacyclovir for the prevention of recurrent herpes simplex virus eye disease after excimer laser photokeratectomy

Asbell

2001

American Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: A variety of factors have been reported as inducing the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus (HSV), among them stress, trauma, and UV radiation. Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is a surgical procedure utilizing a 193 nm ultraviolet light to alter the curvature of the cornea and hence correct vision. Reactivation of ocular herpes simplex keratitis following such excimer laser PRK has been reported. All published cases of HSV reactivation following excimer laser treatment in humans are reviewed. The present study evaluates whether stress, trauma of the corneal de-epithelialization prior to the laser, or the excimer laser treatment itself to the stromal bed induces this ocular reactivation of the latent HSV, and whether a systemic antiviral agent, valacyclovir, would prevent such laser PRKinduced reactivation of the HSV.Methods: Forty-three normal 1.5-to 2.5-kg New Zealand white rabbits were infected on the surface of the cornea with HSV-1, strain RE. The animals were monitored until resolution, and then all animals were divided into 5 treatment groups: (1) Results: The reactivation rates were as follows: group 1, 0%; group 2, 67%; group 3, 50%; group 4, 17%; and group 5, 0%. Viral titers were negative in animals that had no reactivation but persistently positive in those that had reactivation (day 6 through day 28).Conclusions: Excimer laser (193 nm) treatment can trigger reactivation of ocular herpes disease (67%) and viral shedding in the latently infected rabbit. De-epithelialization alone is not sufficient to cause reactivation or viral shedding. Prophylaxis with intraperitoneal valacyclovir decreases the recurrence rate in a dose-response fashion. At 150 mg/kg per day, there are no recurrences. The presence of persistent viral shedding in reactivated animals may correlate with cases of late HSV recurrence reported in humans undergoing excimer treatment. The data suggest that humans undergoing excimer laser procedures for correction of refractive errors or treatment of corneal scars with a history of herpetic keratitis are at increased risk for reactivation. Such patients, however, may appropriately be considered for prophylactic systemic antiviral medication at the time of the laser procedure in order to decrease the possibility of recurrence.

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“…Genetic variation between HSV strains is well Short communication known. HSV-1 strains McKrae and 17 have a high frequency of recurrence (Gerdes & Smith, 1983). Because of the small sample number it would be unwise to extrapolate from the finding that only the McKrae strain was isolated from the corneas.…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Herpes Simplex Virus from the Corneas of Experimentally Infected Rabbits

Cook

Batra

Brown

1987

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYRabbits were inoculated in the left cornea with one of three strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV) i.e. HSV-1 strain 17, HSV-1 strain McKrae, HSV-2 strain HG52, or with an HSV-1 McKrae/HSV-2 HG52 recombinant R40/2. Fifty-nine to 67 days after inoculation trigeminal ganglia and corneas were explanted and screened for release of infectious virus. Virus was isolated from all left trigeminal ganglia after organ culture irrespective of viral strain. Virus was isolated from three of 16 corneas of animals inoculated with HSV-1 strain McKrae and from one of four corneas from animals inoculated with the HSV-1/HSV-2 recombinant. The isolation of HSV from explanted corneas, after between 15 and 35 days in organ culture suggests that the cornea may be a site additional to dorsal root ganglia where latent HSV can reside in rabbits.

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Recurrence Phenotypes and Establishment of Latency Following Rabbit Keratitis Produced by Multiple Herpes Simplex Virus Strains

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Zosteriform Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Genital Infection in the Guinea-pig

Zosteriform Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Genital Infection in the Guinea-pig

Valacyclovir for the prevention of recurrent herpes simplex virus eye disease after excimer laser photokeratectomy

Recovery of Herpes Simplex Virus from the Corneas of Experimentally Infected Rabbits

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