Recurrence prediction in oral cancers: a serum Raman spectroscopy study

Abstract

High mortality rates associated with oral cancers can be primarily attributed to the failure of current histological procedures in predicting recurrence. Identifying recurrence related factors can lead to improved prognosis, optimized treatment and enhanced overall outcomes. Serum Raman spectroscopy has previously shown potential in the diagnosis of cancers, such as head and neck, cervix, breast, oral cancers, and also in predicting treatment response. In the present study, serum was collected from 22 oral cancer subjects [with recurrence (n = 10) and no-recurrence (n = 12)] before and after surgery and spectra were acquired using a Raman microprobe coupled with a 40× objective. Spectral acquisition parameters were as follows: λex = 785 nm, laser power = 30 mW, integration time: 12 s and averages: 3. Data was analyzed in a patient-wise approach using unsupervised PCA and supervised PC-LDA, followed by LOOCV. PCA and PC-LDA findings suggest that recurrent and non-recurrent cases cannot be classified in before surgery serum samples; an average classification efficiency of ∼78% was obtained in after-surgery samples. Mean and difference spectra and PCA loadings indicate that DNA and protein markers may be potential spectral markers for recurrence. RS of post surgery serum samples may have the potential to predict the probability of recurrence in clinics, after prospective large-scale validation.

Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components

“…In 2006, Popp et al used UV-RRS (244 nm excitation) to study the cryoprecipitated human plasma of patients with thrombotic microangiopathy, a pathology that results in thrombosis (formation of a clot inside a blood vessel). 185 At the selected wavelength, Raman signals of aromatic amino acids and proteins were selectively enhanced and the study demonstrated considerable variations in the intensities of bands at 1551, 1615, and 1650 cm -1 (associated with the amide II vibration, in-plane stretching vibrations of aromatic amino acids, and the 174 Reproduced with permission ß2014, Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Scientific Reports.…”

“…These changes were attributed to DNA and variable protein content in the groups. 174 Researchers from Guangdon, China have carried out similar Raman work regarding cancer detection in plasma. They used the drop-coated deposition technique on plasma from patients with colorectal cancer (15 patients) and from normal healthy controls (21 volunteers).…”

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of blood serum based on gold nanoparticles for the diagnosis of the oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…The metabolites in the biofluids of the patients with cancers are different from the normal subjects, due to the amino acid metabolism, cell apoptosis and tumor necrosis, which can be used for the cancer detection as the biomarkers [10, 12]. The serum or plasma have been selected as the samples for the cancer detection and diagnosis by Raman spectroscopy successfully because the serum or plasma is easily collected and mostly contains some vital biomarkers generated by cancers [10, 15, 21, 22]. Rekha et al [21] reported that the plasma Raman spectra of the oral premalignant and malignant conditions were different from the normal condition, and could be utilized to diagnose the oral premalignant and malignant conditions with the sensitivity and specificity of above 80.0%.…”

“…Rekha et al [21] reported that the plasma Raman spectra of the oral premalignant and malignant conditions were different from the normal condition, and could be utilized to diagnose the oral premalignant and malignant conditions with the sensitivity and specificity of above 80.0%. Serum Raman spectroscopy had the potential not only in the diagnosis of oral cancers, but also in the prediction of treatment responses [22]. Accordingly, the serum was the sample of the choice in this study.…”

Identification of CALM as the Potential Serum Biomarker for Predicting Recurrence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Comparative Proteomic Approach

“…Moreover, tumor biomarkers are molecules produced specifically or in excess of normal tissue by the pre-malignant cell, tumor cell or recurrent cancer cell, which may accumulate and are released into the circulation. These can help in the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of the treatment response (6). It is known that alphafetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen (CA)-125, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are used as serum biomarkers for the diagnosis, monitoring and the prognosis of liver, ovarian and prostate cancer, respectively.…”