Recurrent bacterial pneumonia in Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies

Abstract

Background Increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia (BP) has been reported in Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs), and recurrence of BP is common. The etiology of recurrent pneumonia in IWHs is largely unknown. Objectives To describe clinical findings in IWHs with recurrent BP and investigate possible etiologies. Animals Eleven affected IWHs, 25 healthy IWHs, 28 healthy dogs of other Sighthound breeds, and 16 healthy dogs of other breeds. Methods Prospective cross‐sectional observational study. All affected IWHs underwent thorough clinical examinations including thoracic radiographs, thoracic computed tomography, electron microscopic evaluation of ciliary structure, and bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and culture. Serum and BALF immunoglobulin concentrations were measured using an ELISA method, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Esophageal function was assessed by fluoroscopy (n = 2). Results Median age of onset was 5.0 years (range, 0.4‐6.5 years), and when presented for study, dogs had experienced a median of 5 previous episodes of BP (range, 2‐6). The following predisposing factors to BP were detected: focal bronchiectasis (10/11), unilateral (2/9) and bilateral (1/9) laryngeal paralysis, and esophageal hypomotility (2/2). Local or systemic immunoglobulin deficiencies or primary ciliary defects were not detected. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Recurrent BP affects mostly middle‐aged and older IWHs without any evident immune deficit or primary ciliary defects. Focal BE was a frequent finding in affected dogs and likely contributed to the development of recurrent respiratory infections. Laryngeal and esophageal dysfunction identified in a minority of dogs may contribute to recurrent BP.

Utility of PCT, CRP, CD64, N/L and N% in Diagnosis of Bacterial Pneumonia in Adults: Based on the Data of 199 Bacterial Pneumonia

“…Bacterial pneumonia is one of the diseases leading to pulmonary infection, and pulmonary infection has become an important cause of hospitalization and death [19]. Timely and accurate diagnosis of the type of pneumonia and grasp the degree of illness are the primary condition of effective treatment and prognosis of bacterial pneumonia.…”

Extraesophageal reflux and reflux aspiration in dogs with respiratory diseases and in healthy dogs

“…Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected during bronchoscopy from left and right caudal lung lobes with 1‐2 mL/kg of sterile saline per lobe once or twice 49,50 . In RP dogs, the affected lobe was selected based on radiographs, HRCT or accessibility and the amount of saline used was 1 mL/kg or a total of 40 mL twice per lobe 51,52 . The supernatant was separated by centrifugation (10 minutes, 100 g) and stored at −112°F (−80°C).…”

“… 49 , 50 In RP dogs, the affected lobe was selected based on radiographs, HRCT or accessibility and the amount of saline used was 1 mL/kg or a total of 40 mL twice per lobe. 51 , 52 The supernatant was separated by centrifugation (10 minutes, 100 g) and stored at −112°F (−80°C).…”

Köpeklerde Burun Boşluğundan Pseudomonas aeruginosa’nın İzolasyonu ve Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları

“…Normalde köpeklerde çeşitli kommensal bakteri florası (P. multocida, B. bronchiseptica, Streptococci, Staphylococci, P. aeruginosa ve koliform bakteriler dahil) vardır ve bu bakteriler burun, nazofarinks ve üst trakeanda ve en azından aralıklı olarak klinik bulgulara neden olmadan akciğerlerde bulunmaktadırlar. Bu bakterilerden kaynaklanan fırsatçı enfeksiyonlar genellikle, solunum savunma mekanizmalarının birincil bir patojenle (örneğin, distemper, parainfluenza virüsü veya köpeklerde köpek tipi 2 adenovirüs ve kedilerde rinotrasheitis virüsü veya kedilerde kalikivirüs) enfeksiyonu ile ortaya çıkmaktadır [25].…”

“…Mukosiliyer mekanizmanın işlevinin azalması ve bağışıklık sisteminin zayıflaması durumunda, normal florada yer alan fırsatçı veya enfeksiyon etkeni mikroorganizmaların çoğalması söz konusudur [12]. Escherichia coli, P. multocida, Klebsiella türleri, Streptokokal türler, B. bronchiseptica ve Staphylococcus türleri, Pseudomonas ve Mycoplasma türleri gibi fırsatçı bakteriler, bakteriyel pneumonilerde yaygın izole edilen bakterilerdir [25]. P. aeruginosa fırsatçı patojen bakteri olarak kabul edilmektedir.…”