Recurrent mastitis–persistent or new infections?

Wente, Nicole; Grieger, A.-S.; Klocke, Doris; Paduch, Jan-Hendrik; Zhang, Y.; Leimbach, Stefanie; Seeth, Martin tho; Vries, E.M. Mansion-De; Möhr, E.; Krömker, Volker

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108682

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Due to the low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Strep. dysgalactiae [ 12 ], a bacteriological cure is highly likely, but on the other hand its ability to interact with several plasma proteins and extracellular host-derived proteins, produce hyaluronidase and fibrinolysin, and survive within the mammary epithelial cells without damaging them [ 13 ] can, along with its persistence [ 3 , 14 ], be the reason for its extended survival period within a herd. Pathogens with special characteristics (e.g., adaptation to survive within the host, transmission during milking process) may dominate at the herd level and therefore appear contagious [ 10 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Streptococcus dysgalactiae—Contagious or Environmental?

Wente¹,

Krömker

2020

Animals

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Streptococcus dysgalactiae is among the most important pathogens causing bovine mastitis. Unfortunately, there is presently a lack of clear knowledge about the mode of transmission—contagious or environmental—of this pathogen. To obtain more information on this, knowledge of the genetic diversity of the isolated microorganisms at the farm level can be useful. To observe the strain variety in different herds of cattle, isolates of Strep. dysgalactiae were collected from clinical mastitis samples at different farms, and the strains were typed using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Overall, we performed strain typing on 93 isolates from 16 farms in Germany and used an index to describe the degree of contagiosity of Strep. dysgalactiae at each farm. This index (CI) represents the number of isolates divided by the number of strains found in mastitis milk of clinical cases within a period of 14 months. The results differed between the farms. In one farm, all six Strep. dysgalactiae cases that occurred during the study period were caused by a single strain (CI = 6), while in another farm the six cases that occurred were caused by five different strains (CI = 1.2). All other farms fell between these two extremes. This indicates that Strep. dysgalactiae infections can occur via several routes of transmission. At the farm level, strain comparisons are necessary to determine the routes of transmission. Two strains were able to survive on the farm for a minimum of 14 months.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…dysgalactiae (2.8–5.5% of all clinical mastitis cases) is the second most frequently encountered Streptococcus in mastitis, behind Strep. uberis (29–30.5% of all clinical mastitis cases) [ 2 , 3 ]. Understanding the epidemiology of infection of this pathogen is essential in preventing and controlling mastitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus dysgalactiae—Contagious or Environmental?

Wente¹,

Krömker

2020

Animals

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“…The most common infectious agents of bovine mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae (2), Escherichia coli (5), and Streptococcus uberis (6). S. aureus is a common and challenging mastitis pathogen, as S. aureus has a high persistence rate (7,8) and a low bacteriological cure rate in clinical mastitis cases (9). During bovine mastitis, bacteria potentially upregulate expression of virulence factors that can lead to higher resistance to phagocytosis (10) and upregulation of genes that destruct host tissue and the ability of the host cells to capture iron, e.g., lactoferrin (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm Research in Bovine Mastitis

et al. 2021

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Bovine mastitis is one of the most important diseases in the dairy industry and has detrimental impact on the economy and welfare of the animals. Further, treatment failure results in increased antibiotic use in the dairy industry, as some of these mastitis cases for unknown reasons are not resolved despite standard antibiotic treatment. Chronic biofilm infections are notoriously known to be difficult to eradicate with antibiotics and biofilm formation could be a possible explanation for mastitis cases that are not resolved by standard treatment. This paper reviews the current literature on biofilm in bovine mastitis research to evaluate the status and methods used in the literature. Focus of the current research has been on isolates from milk samples and investigation of their biofilm forming properties in vitro. However, in vitro observations of biofilm formation are not easily comparable with the in vivo situation inside the udder. Only two papers investigate the location and distribution of bacterial biofilms inside udders of dairy cows with mastitis. Based on the current knowledge, the role of biofilm in bovine mastitis is still unclear and more in vivo investigations are needed to uncover the actual role of biofilm formation in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis.

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“…Rather, it is important to consider whether it is reasonable to define a bacteriological cure as the goal in the treatment of CM. Recent work has shown that 20–30% of all mastitis cases are recurrent mastitis ( 18 , 19 ). Thus, a large proportion of all CM may be attributed to animals with longer lasting udder infections with clinical flare ups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-inferiority Trial Investigating the Efficacy of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Antimicrobial Treatment of Mild to Moderate Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows With Long-lasting Udder Diseases

Krömker

Schmenger²,

Klocke³

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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To reduce ineffective antimicrobial usage in the treatment of non-severe clinical mastitis (CM) in cows with long-lasting udder diseases, non-antibiotic therapy with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was conducted and evaluated in a non-blinded, positively controlled, non-inferiority trial. Therefore, three-time systemic ketoprofen treatment at intervals of 24 h was evaluated in comparison with the reference treatment of solely antibiotic therapy in a field study on nine free-stall dairy farms located in Northern Germany. Cows with previous CM cases in current lactation and/or with long-lasting high somatic cell counts in preceding dairy herd improvement test days were randomly allocated to one of the two treatment groups in cases of mild to moderate CM. Quarter foremilk samples of the affected quarters were taken for cyto-bacteriological investigation before treatment as well as ~14 and 21 d after termination of therapy. Both treatment groups were compared regarding the bacteriological cure (BC) as the primary outcome. Clinical cure (CC) and no CM relapse within 60 d after the end of treatment (no R60) were chosen as secondary outcomes. The study resulted in the following outcomes: Streptococcus uberis was most frequently identified in microbiological culture from pre-treatment samples, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and other coliforms. No significant differences between the NSAID treatment and the reference treatment were detected regarding CC and CM recurrence (no R60). Although the sole ketoprofen therapy resulted in a numerically lower likelihood of BC, there were no significant differences to the reference treatment. Considering the selection criteria in this study, the results indicate that in mild to moderate CM cases exclusive treatment with ketoprofen may constitute an alternative to antimicrobial intramammary therapy, providing an opportunity for reduction of antibiotic usage. However, non-inferiority evaluations were inconclusive. Further investigations with a larger sample size are required to confirm the results and to make a distinct statement on non-inferiority.

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Recurrent mastitis–persistent or new infections?

Cited by 32 publications

References 20 publications

Streptococcus dysgalactiae—Contagious or Environmental?

Streptococcus dysgalactiae—Contagious or Environmental?

Biofilm Research in Bovine Mastitis

Non-inferiority Trial Investigating the Efficacy of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Antimicrobial Treatment of Mild to Moderate Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows With Long-lasting Udder Diseases

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