Recurvatum of the Knee in Cerebral Palsy: A Review

Abstract

Recurvatum is defined as hyperextension of the knee in the stance phase of gait. Recurvatum knee is a naturally occurring common gait deviation in those with cerebral palsy, along with crouch knee, jump knee, and stiff knee gaits. Early and late recurvatum occur in the first and second halves of stance. Early recurvatum is associated with dynamic calf contraction that raises the heel and pushes the knee into hyperextension as the forefoot contacts the floor. Late recurvatum occurs after the foot is already flat on the floor. As the body weight comes forward over the foot, the tibia stops its forward motion too early as the ankle comes to its range-of-motion limit. The advancing body then moves forward over a hyperextending knee. Surgical hamstring lengthening can have recurvatum as a side effect. There are several strategies to decrease this risk. Medial hamstring lengthening may be safer than combined medial and lateral lengthening. The concept here is that less lengthening or less aggressive lengthening means less recurvatum risk. However, combined medial and lateral lengthening can be reasonably safe from the risk of causing recurvatum if the knee is showing enough preoperative flexion in stance to warrant the increased surgery. More flexion in stance relates to less risk, while less flexion in stance relates to more risk. Knee flexion in stance can be measured. This is done by measuring knee flexion at initial contact and knee flexion in stance in a gait lab or with stop-action video. If there is minimal knee flexion in stance, hamstring lengthening might not be advisable, even if the hamstrings are tight on popliteal angle testing. There are other factors that contribute to recurvatum risk, such as knee hyperextension on static exam, equinus contracture, and jump knee gait. For treatment of recurvatum, the mainstay is the use of ankle foot orthoses set in dorsiflexion. Surgical equinus correction in those with early stance recurvatum can be effective but it is not likely to be effective in those with late stance recurvatum.

Prevalence of congenital anomalies according to maternal race and ethnicity, Texas, 1999–2018

“…A study using data from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program (CBDMP) found a larger increase in the risk of polydactyly (relative risk [RR] 4.1, 95% CI 3.6–4.6) and a slight difference in the prevalence of genu recurvatum (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.7) (Carmichael et al, 2004). Genu recurvatum may be evident in infants with cerebral palsy (Yngve, 2021), which has a higher prevalence among Black than White infants (Wu et al, 2011). We were unable to assess whether our finding may be attributable to differences in the prevalence of cerebral palsy by race/ethnicity, as this information was not captured by the registry.…”

Control of Tibial Advancement by the Plantar Flexors during the Stance Phase of Gait Depends on Knee Flexion with Respect to the Ground Reaction Force

“…The plantar flexor moment is transmitted to the forefoot, which acts as a lever arm and slows down tibial advancement while the pelvis and the center of mass move forward [4]. Overactive plantar flexors may produce hyperextension of the knee [5][6][7][8][9], as in cerebral palsy [4,7,[10][11][12][13][14]. This mechanism is known as the plantar Bioengineering 2024, 11, 41 2 of 10 flexion-knee extension couple (PFKEC) [7,14].…”

Anterior Opening-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy in the Setting of Genu Recurvatum

“… 1 It can occur either congenitally or from various acquired conditions, including trauma, cerebral palsy, cerebral vascular accidents, poliomyelitis, and physeal arrest, or hyperextension sprains. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Recurvatum can be classified anatomically as a purely osseous deformity from epiphyseal injury, purely capsuloligamentous secondary to tissue stretching on hyperextension, or as a mixed condition with both osseous and soft-tissue contributors. 6 …”