Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities

Costa, Carlos M.; Barbosa, João C.; Gonçalves, Ramiro; Castro, H.F.; Campo, F. Javier del; Lanceros‐Méndez, S.

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032

Cited by 337 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 284 publications

(315 reference statements)

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“…Material recovery from the EoL batteries is the preferred option over the other disposal routes 9,25,26 since LIBs are now considered a strategically valuable waste stream containing relatively valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel or lithium 27,28 . These are of significant value, especially in light of the shrinking global supply of critical materials [29][30][31][32] .…”

Section: Low Recovery Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries

Mrozik

Rajaeifar

Heidrich

et al. 2021

Energy Environ. Sci.

438

153

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Section: Low Recovery Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries

Mrozik

Rajaeifar

Heidrich

et al. 2021

Energy Environ. Sci.

438

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The inorganic ones are composed by ceramic crystalline materials as LISICON [34], NASICON [35], or perovskites [36], and they usually possess high ionic conductivity but have significant limitations when it comes to interfacial compatibility [23]. Solid polymer electrolytes comprise a polymer matrix and These technologies aim to overcome some of the problems associated with lithium, such as its scarcity [46]. Thus, the abundance of sodium and magnesium could represent an effective and cheaper alternative if the problems associated with their high reactivity could be overcome [47].…”

Section: Lithium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances on Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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Environmental issues related to energy consumption are mainly associated with the strong dependence on fossil fuels. To solve these issues, renewable energy sources systems have been developed as well as advanced energy storage systems. Batteries are the main storage system related to mobility, and they are applied in devices such as laptops, cell phones, and electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most used battery system based on their high specific capacity, long cycle life, and no memory effects. This rapidly evolving field urges for a systematic comparative compilation of the most recent developments on battery technology in order to keep up with the growing number of materials, strategies, and battery performance data, allowing the design of future developments in the field. Thus, this review focuses on the different materials recently developed for the different battery components—anode, cathode, and separator/electrolyte—in order to further improve LIB systems. Moreover, solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) for LIBs are also highlighted. Together with the study of new advanced materials, materials modification by doping or synthesis, the combination of different materials, fillers addition, size manipulation, or the use of high ionic conductor materials are also presented as effective methods to enhance the electrochemical properties of LIBs. Finally, it is also shown that the development of advanced materials is not only focused on improving efficiency but also on the application of more environmentally friendly materials.

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“…By 2030, the world will process an estimated 11 million tons of waste LIBs [8]. Furthermore, the large quantity of discarded LFP batteries has serious hazards, including typical toxic electrolytes, such as LiPF 6 , dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and other organic solvents [9]. Moreover, the mining and extraction of Li are extremely complicated and expensive, involving 250 tons of spodumene or 750 tons of rich ore brine and 1900 tons of water to produce 1 ton of Li.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unique co-recovery strategy of cathode and anode from spent LiFePO4 battery

Meng

Zhao

et al. 2021

Sci. China Mater.

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Along with the explosive growth in the market of new energy electric vehicles, the demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has correspondingly expanded. Given the limited life of LIBs, numbers of spent LIBs are bound to be produced. Because of the severe threats and challenges of spent LIBs to the environment, resources, and global sustainable development, the recycling and reuse of spent LIBs have become urgent. Herein, we propose a novel green and efficient direct recycling method, which realizes the concurrent reuse of LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode and graphite anode from spent LFP batteries. By optimizing the proportion of LFP and graphite, a hybrid LFP/ graphite (LFPG) cathode was designed for a new type of dualion battery (DIB) that can achieve co-participation in the storage of both anions and cations. The hybrid LFPG cathode combines the excellent stability of LFP and the high conductivity of graphite to exhibit an extraordinary electrochemical performance. The best compound, i.e., LFP:graphite = 3:1, with the highest reversible capacity (~130 mA h g −1 at 25 mA g −1 ), high voltage platform of 4.95 V, and outstanding cycle performance, was achieved. The specific diffusion behavior of Li + and PF 6 − in the hybrid cathode was studied using electrode kinetic tests, further clarifying the working mechanism of DIBs. This study provides a new strategy toward the large-scale recycling of positive and negative electrodes of spent LIBs and establishes a precedent for designing new hybrid cathode materials for DIBs with superior performance using spent LIBs.

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Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities

Cited by 337 publications

References 284 publications

Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries

Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries

Recent Advances on Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

A unique co-recovery strategy of cathode and anode from spent LiFePO4 battery

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