Recycling and remanufacturing of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites

Tian, Xiaoyong; Liu, Tengfei; Wang, Qingrui; Abliz, Dilmurat; Li, Dichen; Ziegmann, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.139

Cited by 358 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In addition, to the commercialized 3-D printing filaments, there is also a growing body of literature on the ability of FFF to use waste plastic/recycled plastic filament such as PLA [47][48][49][50], high density polyethylene (HDPE) [51][52][53], ABS [53][54][55], as well as waste wood composites [56] and carbon fiber reinforced composites [57]. This has the potential to reduce the costs of 3-D printing further and make the accessibility for 3-D printing feedstock greater in a disaster situation as only a recyclebot (waste plastic 3-D printer filament extruder [51]) would be needed and solar-powered recyclebot systems have already been demonstrated [55].…”

Section: Kijenzi 3-d Printer's Ability To Make Useful Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Resilient 3-D Printer for Humanitarian Crisis Response

et al. 2018

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Rapid manufacturing using 3-D printing is a potential solution to some of the most pressing issues for humanitarian logistics. In this paper, findings are reported from a study that involved development of a new type of 3-D printer. In particular, a novel 3-D printer that is designed specifically for reliable rapid manufacturing at the sites of humanitarian crises. First, required capabilities are developed with design elements of a humanitarian 3-D printer, which include, (1) fused filament fabrication, (2) open source self-replicating rapid prototyper design, (3) modular, (4) separate frame, (5) protected electronics, (6) on-board computing, (7) flexible power supply, and (8) climate control mechanisms. The technology is then disclosed with an open source license for the Kijenzi 3-D Printer. A swarm of five Kijenzi 3-D printers are evaluated for rapid part manufacturing for two months at health facilities and other community locations in both rural and urban areas throughout Kisumu County, Kenya. They were successful for their ability to function independently of infrastructure, transportability, ease of use, ability to withstand harsh environments and costs. The results are presented and conclusions are drawn about future work necessary for the Kijenzi 3-D Printer to meet the needs of rapid manufacturing in a humanitarian context. Yet, supply chain logistics for humanitarian responses are some of the most complex that exist. It is challenging to forecast both the demand (due to difficulties in knowing both the timing of a disaster and details of the population affected) and the supply, which is often fueled by donations [4]. A massive mismatch between the supplies delivered and the supplies that are needed is often inevitable both in quantity and kind [2,3,5]. As 60-80% of all aid money is spent on procurement, this mismatch represents not only costly errors but errors that can have negative long-term effects on local markets and economies [5].Rapid manufacturing using 3-D printing is a potential solution to some of these pressing issues in humanitarian logistics. This has become potentially feasible with the open source 3-D printers developed from the self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) project [6][7][8]. The RepRap project has driven down costs of 3-D printing to fit resource-constrained contexts like those found in the developing world or during a crisis [9]. The potential for 3-D printers in humanitarian aid work has been able to capture the interest of practitioners in the field [10], as 3-D printing can have positive effects on nearly every step of the humanitarian supply chain [5].3-D printing can reduce time and money used in the procurement of goods [11,12] by reducing the amount of capital required for manufacturing at a given location, allowing distributed manufacturing [13][14][15] or more localized manufacturing to occur [3,10]. By manufacturing goods locally at the site of a disaster response, the only materials that need to be shipped to the site of a disaster are the raw materials needed...

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Section: Kijenzi 3-d Printer's Ability To Make Useful Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Resilient 3-D Printer for Humanitarian Crisis Response

et al. 2018

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“…There have been substantial recent developments in converting waste plastic/recycled plastic in 3-D printing filament with a recyclebot (waste plastic 3-D printer filament extruder [78]) and then use it for 3-D printing. Thermopolymer processes already developed include polylactic acid (PLA) [79][80][81][82], high-density polyethylene (HDPE) [78,83], acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) [84][85][86], as well as waste wood composites [87] and carbon fiber reinforced composites [88]. Future work is needed to design and optimize each of these components, as well as an overall cost optimization of the system.…”

Section: Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Optimization of Polymer Heat Exchanger for Automated Household-Scale Solar Water Pasteurizer

Denkenberger

Pearce

2018

Designs

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Abstract:A promising approach to reducing the >870,000 deaths/year globally from unsafe water is flow-through solar water pasteurization systems (SWPs). Unfortunately, demonstrated systems have high capital costs, which limits access for the poor. The most expensive component of such systems is the heat exchanger (HX). Thus, this study focuses on cost optimization of HX designs for flow-through SWPs using high-effectiveness polymer microchannel HXs. The theoretical foundation for the cost optimization of a polymer microchannel HX is provided, and outputs are plotted in order to provide guidelines for designers to perform HX optimizations. These plots are used in two case studies: (1) substitution of a coiled copper HX with polymer microchannel HX, and (2) design of a polymer microchannel HX for a 3-D printed collector that can fit in an arbitrary build volume. The results show that substitution of the polymer expanded HX reduced the overall expenditure for the system by a factor 50, which aids in making the system more economical. For the second case study, the results show how future system designers can optimize an HX for an arbitrary SWP geometry. The approach of distributed manufacturing using laser welding appears promising for HX for SWP.

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“…The plastic extruder (EB-1, Extrusion Bot Co. Chandler, AZ, USA) was used to fabricate the carbon fiber filled filaments. During the extrusion processes, extrusion temperature, filament yield speed, and nozzle diameter were set at 220 0 C, 2 m/min, and 2.85 mm, respectively [14][15][16][17].The filaments could be cut into small pieces and referred in the extruder for the second extrusion to make them with high bulk density, which led to more consistent flow rates and fusion on each layer. During such process, filaments with more homogeneous distribution of carbon fibers could be obtained, thereby improving the FDM fabrication process and parts performance [18][19][20].The FDM 3D printer was used to fabricate CFRP composite parts.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Fabricated Using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Method, a Review

Kubade¹,

Tjprc²

2018

IJMPERD

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Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is widely used method to fabricate thermoplastic parts, which are mainly used as rapid prototypes for functional testing with advantages of minimal wastage, and ease of material change. Due to the intrinsically limited mechanical properties of pure thermoplastic materials, there is a critical need to improve mechanical properties for FDM-fabricated pure thermoplastic parts. One of the possible methods is adding reinforced materials (such as carbon fibers) into plastic materials to form thermoplastic matrix carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites those could be directly used in the actual application areas, such as aerospace, automotive, and wind energy. The current study is focused to take a look of the work done in the area of 3D printing with thermoplastic material and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic material. The study is attempting to take an overview of reinforcement of different materials into thermoplastic in different ways. The effect of reinforcement of carbon fiber into thermoplastic can be studied by using different mechanical and thermo mechanical tests. The effects of different fiber orientation on mechanical properties, effect on infill speed, and nozzle temperature and layer thickness on tensile properties are also studied. This paper reviews work related to investigation of mechanical and thermo mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite fabricated using fused deposition modelling (FDM).

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Recycling and remanufacturing of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites

Cited by 358 publications

References 23 publications

Development of a Resilient 3-D Printer for Humanitarian Crisis Response

Development of a Resilient 3-D Printer for Humanitarian Crisis Response

Design Optimization of Polymer Heat Exchanger for Automated Household-Scale Solar Water Pasteurizer

Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Fabricated Using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Method, a Review

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