Recycling lead from waste lead-acid batteries by the combination of low temperature alkaline and bath smelting

Li, Wenhua; Zhang, Wenxuan; Luo, Lin; Xie, Xiande

doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123156

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The theoretical analysis and equilibrium composition (Figure 7b) verify the thermodynamically favorable of SLP-Na2CO3 system to obtain PbO. [20] From the TG curve of SLP-Na2CO3 system (Figure 8), the introduction would not intrinsically determine the decomposition of lead species. temperature would be conducive to the lead oxide recovery ratio and desulfurization rate, where high smelting temperature strengthens thermal motion between solid particles.…”

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confidence: 72%

Molten salt mediated low-temperature direct roasting of spent lead paste

Yi Yang

2024

jes

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Traditional pyrometallurgy for recovery of spent lead paste suffered from high energy consumption, massive reducing agent and toxic SOx gas emission. Here, a sustainable molten nitrate salt mediated approach was proposed to realize low-temperature (500 °C) direct roasting of waste lead paste. Efficient desulfurization could not be realized via single direct smelting of the mixture containing spent lead paste, Na2CO3 and NaNO3. The introduction of Na2CO3 desulfurizer could promote the chemical conversion with PbSO4, while the process still required relatively high temperature above 900 °C to realize relatively high desulfurization efficiency. After the introduction of NaNO3 molten salt into spent lead paste-Na2CO3 system, the original solid-solid reaction in spent lead paste-Na2CO3 system was changed to solid-liquid-solid contract, providing more reaction probability between Na2CO3 and PbSO4 phase in spent lead paste. As a result, high-purity lead oxide powders were obtained with 98.7% desulfurization and 99.2% lead recovery ratio. A profit of $378.2 per ton spent lead paste could be achieved from the economically evaluations. The proposed novel pyrometallurgy approach eliminated the emission of harmful SOx from the decomposition of PbSO4 phase and releases of lead containing wastewater, offering a robust lead oxide recovery substitute from secondary lead resources while possessing significant environmental and economic benefits.

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confidence: 72%

Molten salt mediated low-temperature direct roasting of spent lead paste

Yi Yang

2024

jes

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“…Due to the relatively low melting point of lead and its alloys, grid plates recycling can be conducted at relatively lower smelting temperatures. In contrast, the lead paste, which contains a complex composition with a significant amount of lead sulphate and various lead oxide species, presents the most challenging part of the waste LABs recycling process and remains a key focus of current research [32,38].…”

Section: The 10thmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Recycling of Waste Lead-Acid Batteries

Zhao,

Chae,

Choi

2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Lead-acid batteries (LABs) have become an integral part of modern society due to their advantages of low cost, simple production, excellent stability, and high safety performance, which have found widespread application in various fields, including the automotive industry, power storage systems, uninterruptible power supply, electric bicycles, and backup power supplies. Hence, the use of LABs has greatly benefited human society and contributed to advancements in science and technology. However, the extensive use of LABs unavoidably leads to the generation of a significant amount of LABs waste. On one hand, if these waste LABs are not handled properly, any leakage can cause devastating damage to the natural environment and human health. On the other hand, waste LABs represent an important secondary resource for lead, with approximately 64.57% of global lead resources derived from recycled lead, making them a major source of lead worldwide. Moreover, approximately 85% of global lead resources are currently utilized for manufacturing LABs, and the recycling of waste LABs brings favourable prospects for the sustainable development of the energy storage industry. Therefore, the recycling of waste LABs is necessary and inevitable. In this paper, we have comprehensively reviewed the methods of recycling waste LABs. Particularly, we focused on the valuable component of waste lead paste and critically evaluated the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques associated with it. By categorizing and summarizing the characteristics of different methods, we have conducted a detailed comparison of these technologies, aiming to provide a comprehensive assessment of the advantages, disadvantages, status, and trends in LABs recycling technology. Additionally, the paper explores the necessity and impacts of recycling waste LABs from the perspectives of resource, energy, economy, environment, and society. It discusses the challenges faced by waste LABs recycling and presents the development prospects from both technical and non-technical point of views.

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“…The reported new desulfation technologies include new desulfation agents, desulfation equipment, and related technologies. [15] Most of the reported desulfurizers, such as Na 2 CO 3 , [16] K 2 CO 3 , [17] CaCO 3 , [18] (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , [19,20] NH 4 HCO 3 , [21] and NaOH, [22,23] can convert PbSO 4 into PbCO 3 or Pb(OH) 2 with a dissatisfactory desulfation rate of 95-99% and a long desulfation time of 10-120 min, which is because the solubility of insoluble PbCO 3 is much smaller than that of PbSO 4 in the spontaneous solid-liquid phase reaction, resulting in a sluggish kinetics process, reaction time, and conversion rate. Recently, Yang et al [24] used NaOH as a desulfurizer to desulfurize in the hydrothermal reactor with a high desulfation rate of 99.46% for 1 h. Liu et al [21] compared the desulfation effect of Na 2 CO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , and NH 4 HCO 3 on the spent lead paste, and found that the type of desulfurizer displayed a little effect on desulfation time and rate, and selected 1 h as the optimal operation time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra‐Fast Recyclable and Value‐Added Desulfation Method for Spent Lead Paste via Dual Intensification Processes

Chai,

Li,

Wang

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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The new low‐cost clean pre‐desulfation technology is very important in pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. However, traditional reactors have low space‐time yield and desulfation rate, resulting in high energy consumption and SO2 emissions in the industrial desulfation processes. Herein, dual rotating liquid film reactors (RLFRs) and lime are proposed to construct a recyclable, ultra‐fast, and value‐added desulfation method. Parameter optimization and kinetic calculations prove that the above reactions are controlled by internal diffusion, revealing that RLFR promotes the mass transfer and reaction rate. The new process greatly shortens the desulfation time of lead paste from 40 min to 10 s with a high desulfation rate of 99.7%, and the sulfation time of lime from 30 min to 30 s with a sulfation rate of 98.6% with a net profit of 55.99 ¥/ton by cost accounting. Moreover, ten batches of continuous scale‐up experiments demonstrate the stability of processes, the desulfation and sulfation rates are kept at 99.7% and 98.2%, which greatly reduces the emissions of waste desulfate liquor. This work provides a new universal strategy for a sustainable, low‐cost, and clean desulfation method of waste resources to achieve technical and economic feasibility.

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Recycling lead from waste lead-acid batteries by the combination of low temperature alkaline and bath smelting

Cited by 17 publications

References 37 publications

Molten salt mediated low-temperature direct roasting of spent lead paste

Molten salt mediated low-temperature direct roasting of spent lead paste

A Review on Recycling of Waste Lead-Acid Batteries

Ultra‐Fast Recyclable and Value‐Added Desulfation Method for Spent Lead Paste via Dual Intensification Processes

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