Recycling of All‐Solid‐State Li‐ion Batteries: A Case Study of the Separation of Individual Components Within a System Composed of LTO, LLZTO and NMC**

Waidha, Aamir Iqbal; Salihovic, Amila; Jacob, Martine; Vanita, Vanita; Aktekin, Burak; Brix, Kristina; Wissel, Kerstin; Kautenburger, Ralf; Janek, Jürgen; Ensinger, Wolfgang; Clemens, Oliver

doi:10.1002/cssc.202202361

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Another hydrometallurgical approach might be the selective acid leaching of individual components, in regard to the stability of different components and the possibility of complex formation. Waidha et al [115] in a second step. Furthermore, it was observed that all components maintained overall basic electrochemical activity.…”

Section: Oxide-based Ssbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can lead to an acidification of the aqueous solution, which will have an influence on the solubility of, e.g. cathode materials, such as phospho-olivine LiFePO 4 or the layered material Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O 2 , which already dissolves at moderate pH-levels [115]. We observed [146] that active cathode materials are partly dissolved when in contact with aqueous solutions of Li 3 InCl 6 , which results in contamination of the recrystallized Li 3 InCl 6 with transition metals and can change the conductivity of re-crystallized Li 3 InCl 6 significantly.…”

Section: Halide-based Ssbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of solid-state batteries—challenge and opportunity for a circular economy?

Jacob,

Wissel,

Clemens

2024

Mater. Futures

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The tremendous efforts made in the research field of solid-state Li-ion batteries has led to considerable advancement of this technology and first market-ready systems can be expected in the near future. The research community is currently investigating different solid-state electrolyte classes (e.g., oxides, sulfides, halides and polymers) with a focus on further optimizing the synthesis and electrochemical performance. However, so far, the development of sustainable recycling strategies allowing for an efficient backflow of critical elements contained in these batteries into the economic cycle and thus a transition from a linear to a circular economy lags behind.In this contribution, resource aspects with respect to the chemical value of crucial materials, which are used for the synthesis of solid-state electrolytes are being discussed. Furthermore, an overview of possible approaches in relation to their challenges and opportunities for the recycling of solid-state batteries with respect to different solid-state electrolyte classes by means of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and direct recycling/dissolution-based separation processes is given. Based these considerations and with reference to previous research, it will be shown that different solid-state electrolytes will require individually adapted recycling processes to be suitably designed for a circular economy, and that further improvements and investigations will be required.

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Section: Oxide-based Ssbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Halide-based Ssbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of solid-state batteries—challenge and opportunity for a circular economy?

Jacob,

Wissel,

Clemens

2024

Mater. Futures

Self Cite

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“…Longer Lifespan: The solid electrolytes in SSBs are less prone to degradation compared to liquid electrolytes, which tend to break down over time and under thermal stress [20,23]. This inherent stability of solid electrolytes contributes to a longer lifespan for SSBs, reducing the frequency of battery replacement and, in the long run, diminishing the environmental and economic impact of battery disposal [33].…”

Section: Advantages Relative To Conventional Battery Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements and Challenges in Solid-State Battery Technology: An In-Depth Review of Solid Electrolytes and Anode Innovations

Machín,

Morant,

Márquez

2024

Batteries

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The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in solid-state batteries (SSBs), with a focus on recent advancements in solid electrolytes and anodes. The paper begins with a background on the evolution from liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries to advanced SSBs, highlighting their enhanced safety and energy density. It addresses the increasing demand for efficient, safe energy storage in applications like electric vehicles and portable electronics. A major part of the paper analyzes solid electrolytes, key to SSB technology. It classifies solid electrolytes as polymer-based, oxide-based, and sulfide-based, discussing their distinct properties and application suitability. The review also covers advancements in anode materials for SSBs, exploring materials like lithium metal, silicon, and intermetallic compounds, focusing on their capacity, durability, and compatibility with solid electrolytes. It addresses challenges in integrating these anode materials, like the interface stability and lithium dendrite growth. This review includes a discussion on the latest analytical techniques, experimental studies, and computational models to understand and improve the anode–solid electrolyte interface. These are crucial for tackling interfacial resistance and ensuring SSBs’ long-term stability and efficiency. Concluding, the paper suggests future research and development directions, highlighting SSBs’ potential in revolutionizing energy storage technologies. This review serves as a vital resource for academics, researchers, and industry professionals in advanced battery technology development. It offers a detailed overview of materials and technologies shaping SSBs’ future, providing insights into current challenges and potential solutions in this rapidly evolving field.

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“…Battery recycling represents a viable solution to these issues, promoting environmental protection and advancing sustainable manufacturing practices. Research and development efforts are underway to devise efficient and eco-friendly methods to reclaim lithium from SSBs, thus supporting the development of a circular economy for critical materials such as lithium [111][112][113].…”

Section: Case Studies and Real-world Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Solid-State Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

Machín,

Cotto,

Díaz

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries, with notable advantages in safety, energy density, and longevity, yet the environmental implications of their lifecycle, from manufacturing to disposal, remain a critical concern. This review paper examines the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life management of SSBs, starting with the extraction and processing of raw materials which highlights significant natural resource consumption, energy use, and emissions. A comparative analysis with traditional battery manufacturing underscores the environmental hazards of novel materials specific to SSBs. The review also assesses the operational environmental impact of SSBs by evaluating their energy efficiency and carbon footprint in comparison to conventional batteries, followed by an exploration of end-of-life challenges including disposal risks, regulatory frameworks, and the shortcomings of existing waste management practices. A significant focus is placed on recycling and reuse strategies, reviewing current methodologies like mechanical, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes, along with emerging technologies that aim to overcome recycling barriers, while also analyzing the economic and technological challenges of these processes. Additionally, real-world case studies are presented, serving as benchmarks for best practices and highlighting lessons learned in the field. In conclusion, the paper identifies research gaps and future directions for reducing the environmental footprint of SSBs, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance sustainable SSB technologies and contribute to balancing technological advancements with environmental stewardship, thereby supporting the transition to a more sustainable energy future.

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Recycling of All‐Solid‐State Li‐ion Batteries: A Case Study of the Separation of Individual Components Within a System Composed of LTO, LLZTO and NMC**

Cited by 12 publications

References 53 publications

Recycling of solid-state batteries—challenge and opportunity for a circular economy?

Recycling of solid-state batteries—challenge and opportunity for a circular economy?

Advancements and Challenges in Solid-State Battery Technology: An In-Depth Review of Solid Electrolytes and Anode Innovations

Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Solid-State Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

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