Recycling of Electrode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries to Develop Graphene Nanosheets and Graphene–Molybdenum Disulfide Nanohybrid: Environmental Benefits, Analysis of Supercapacitor Performance, and Influence of Density Functional Theory Calculations

Abstract

The development of high-performance functional nanomaterials for energy storage is now a vital task for future energy demand. In this report, a thermally reduced graphene nanosheets–molybdenum disulfide (TRGNs–MoS2) nanohybrid has been synthesized and applied for energy storage applications. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques have thoroughly been used to analyze the as-prepared materials. The electrochemical performance for supercapacitor application has been demonstrated. The TRGNs–MoS2 nanohybrid material shows enhanced gravimetric capacitance values (415 F/g) with higher specific energy/power outputs and better cyclic performances (88% capacitance retention even after 5000 charging/discharging cycles). By employing density functional theory (DFT), we have presented the structure and electronic properties of the TRGNs–MoS2hybrid structure. The superior specific capacitance for the binary hybrid structure is supported by the enhanced electronic density of states close to the Fermi level, lower diffusion energy barrier of electrolytic ions, and higher quantum capacitance of the hybrid structure. The interaction between MoS2 and graphene is not only van der Waal’s interaction but also chemical interactions that involve charge transfer from MoS2 to graphene.

Waste to wealth: direct utilization of spent materials for electrocatalysis and energy storage

“…21D). 215 Biomass for supercapacitors. The preparation of high-performance supercapacitors from biomass-derived carbon can overcome high manufacturing costs.…”

Recycling Spent Lithium Ion Batteries and Separation of Cathode Active Materials: Structural Stability, Morphology Regularity, and Waste Management

“…Anode, cathode, separator, and electrolyte are the major components of lithium ion batteries. The anode is the negative electrode in the battery which is made by using carbon powder such as graphite or graphene and polymer binder, which are coated on the surface of the negative electrode current collector copper foil. , On the other hand, carbon powder (acetylene black/carbon black), binder, and lithium transition-metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 (LCO), LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO), LiNiO 2 (LNO), and LiNixCoyMnzO 2 (LNCM) are used to prepare the positive electrode cathode on the surface of the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil . The separator and the outer shell of the LIBs are made from polymeric materials and stainless steel.…”

Experimental and Theoretical Findings of the Concerted Effect of Dual Quantum Dots on a Graphene Matrix for Energy Storage Applications

“…To better its performance and, at the same time, develop eco-friendly and cost-effective electrode materials, understanding the mechanism of charge storage and electron transport is important. Supercapacitors store energy by two processes considering their charge storage mechanism, i.e., physical adsorption–desorption of ion called electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) and fast surface redox reactions due to different oxidation states called pseudocapacitance. , For EDLC, carbonaceous materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive carbon, etc., are widely investigated. − Similarly, materials like metal oxide/hydroxide, conductive polymers, etc., are used for pseudocapacitors. ,, …”