Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes

Hanisch, Christian; Loellhoeffel, Thomas; Diekmann, Jan; Markley, Kely Jo; Haselrieder, Wolfgang; Kwade, Arno

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.026

Cited by 282 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Studies assessing EVs and relevant components have assumed LIBs for battery electric vehicles [22][23][24][25] and PEMFCs for fuel cell vehicles 10,15,20,21 . Compared to conventional vehicles, a larger share of EVs' lifecycle impacts occur in the material processing and vehicle production phase, notably because of their reliance on relatively scarce materials and on production processes with high energy requirements 10,14,15,19 .…”

Section: Life Cycle Assessment Of Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recyclability of the studied LIB electrode materials and PEMFC materials was assessed based on current recycling practices as described in the literature [19][20][21][22][23][24] and through personal communication with commercial recylers 25,26 of these devices. Materials that can be reused or recycled receive a green ranking, materials that are unproblematic for disposal or have "imperfect" recycling processes receive a yellow ranking, and materials that may pose issues at the end-of-life processing receive a red ranking.…”

Section: Recyclability and Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanotechnology for environmentally sustainable electromobility

et al. 2016

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Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium ion batteries (LIBs) or proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer important potential climate change mitigation effects when combined with clean energy sources. The development of novel nanomaterials may bring about the next wave of technical improvements for LIBs and PEMFCs. If the next generation of EVs is to lead to not only reduced emissions during use but also environmentally sustainable production chains, the research on nanomaterials for LIBs and PEMFCs should be guided by a lifecycle perspective. In this Review, we describe an environmental lifecycle screening framework tailored to assess nanomaterials for electromobility. By applying this framework, we offer an early evaluation of the most promising nanomaterials for LIBs and PEMFCs and their potential contributions to the environmental sustainability of EV lifecycles. Potential environmental trade-offs and gaps in nanomaterials research are identified to provide guidance for future nanomaterial developments for electromobility.

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Section: Life Cycle Assessment Of Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recyclability and Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology for environmentally sustainable electromobility

et al. 2016

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“…Electrode manufacturing and assembly of cells and the battery pack, particularly the energy demanded in these processes, has been modeled mostly based on literature data. Data from battery systems disassembled within the context of the LithoRec project were used to model the peripheral elements of the battery pack [54,[56][57][58][59][60][61]. The total battery cell volume of the disassembled battery system was estimated and set as a constraint to model the evaluated systems in this study.…”

Section: Goal and Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The material inventory of the cell produced for each of the battery systems is reported in Tables S4.1-S4.3 and S5.1-S5.4. Moving forward to the configuration of the battery pack, information regarding inactive mass and components of the traction battery was directly collected from disassembling and measuring several battery packs within the context of the project LithoRec [54,[56][57][58][59][60][61]. From the disassembly experiments, it was found that for a battery pack with an energy density of around 76.4 kWh/kg, the share of battery cells ranges from 60% to 65%.…”

Section: Goal and Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Effect of Increased Energy Density on the Environmental Impacts of Traction Batteries: A Comparison of Energy Optimized Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Mobility Applications

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The quest towards increasing the energy density of traction battery technologies has led to the emergence and diversification of battery materials. The lithium sulfur battery (LSB) is in this regard a promising material for batteries due to its specific energy. However, due to its low volumetric energy density, the LSB faces challenges in mobility applications such as electric vehicles but also other transportation modes. To understand the potential environmental implication of LSB batteries, a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed. For this study, electrodes for both an NMC111 with an anode graphite and a LSB battery cell with a lithium metal foil as anode were manufactured. Data from disassembly experiments performed on a real battery system for a mid-size passenger vehicle were used to build the required life cycle inventory. The energy consumption during the use phase was calculated using a simulative approach. A set of thirteen impact categories was evaluated and characterized with the ReCiPe methodology. The results of the LCA in this study allow identification of the main sources of environmental problems as well as possible strategies to improve the environmental impact of LSB batteries. In this regard, the high requirements of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) for the processing of the sulfur cathode and the thickness of the lithium foil were identified as the most important drivers. We make recommendations for necessary further research in order to broaden the understanding concerning the potential environmental implication of the implementation of LSB batteries for mobility applications.

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