Recycling of Malaysia's EAF steel slag waste as novel fluxing agent in green ceramic tile production: Sintering mechanism and leaching assessment

Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste

“…Based on the correlation analysis in Figure 3, as linear and volume shrinkage increased, the bulk density increased, accompanied by reduction of apparent porosity and water absorption. During firing process, iron oxide (FeO) content of EAF slag reacted with silicates and alumina-silicates present in ceramic powder mixture and the formed compounds began to melt into glassy phase, or also known as a viscous liquid [4,52]. As firing temperature was increased up to 1180 • C, and EAF slag added was increased up to 50 wt.%, a greater amount of glassy phase was formed, and penetrating the pores.…”

“…In recent years, the development of sustainable clay-based ceramics is becoming notable and attracting worldwide researchers to explore on it. A clay-based ceramic is regarded as 'sustainable' if it is made from waste materials (including by-products), environmentally friendly (non-hazardous and recyclable), energy-efficient and cost-effective [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Various worldwide researchers have proposed on the potential recycling of waste materials, such as blast furnace slag from the iron making process [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], waste glass [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], fly ash [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], sewage sludge [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]…”

“…The idea of utilizing the waste materials for the ceramic body is progressively proposed due to they have proximate chemical composition to the natural resources (clay, flux and filler) used for conventional clay-based ceramics. Badiee et al (2008) [50], Sarkar et al (2010) [51], Teo et al (2014) [52] and Teo et al (2019) [4] are among the pioneer researchers to initiate the idea of recycling EAF steel slag (by-product of carbon steel making) into sustainable clay-based ceramics. Although the research works were successful, they have mutually agreed that the high iron oxide content of EAF slag (25-42.4 wt.%) would cause vigorous fluxing action in the clay-based ceramic body.…”

Generation of Pyroxene-Based Porous Ceramics from Steel Refining Slag

“…21) Cheng et al 22) used clay, quartz and alumina as the main raw materials and converted them into ceramics with the main phase being anorthite. Other researchers [23][24][25] have conducted experiments on producing ceramics from steel slag. Zhao et al 26) 28) Crystal phase transition is accompanied by a volume change when there is a difference in crystal density before and after the reaction.…”

Development of Ceramic Materials for the Manufacture of Bricks with Stone Cutting Sludge from Granite

“…These wastes must be treated with special care and incorporate into materials that cause adequate retention of the elements or chemical compounds conflicting. In this case, the incorporation in ceramic materials of the contaminating residues is one of the best options, since the ceramic matrix retains these contaminants in high proportion, and avoids their leachate [24][25][26].…”