Recycling of Sewage in Aquaculture: Decadal Technical Advancement

Skeletal Deformities in Invaded Population of Amazon Sailfin Catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855) in the East Kolkata Wetland, India

“…However, as the specimens collected were from a wastewater-fed fisheries system, stress of metal and other organic contaminants could be suggested as the cause of this impairment. The EKW receives about 600 million litres of industrial and municipal discharge from Kolkata city every day (Hussan, 2016;Mandal et al, 2018). These wastewaters are then introduced into the fishponds in batches or continuously, through sewage feeder channel, mainly taking advantage of gravity and also used for agriculture purposes (Anonymous, 2021).…”

“…E ast Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) located between 22°25' and 22°40' North and 88°20' and 88°35' East, is the World's largest wastewater fed aquaculture system covering ~4,000 ha, where city sewage is utilized for traditional aquaculture and agriculture (Hussan, 2016;Anonymous, 2021). An estimated 30−50% of the sewage generated by the Kolkata City is treated and reused by the fishponds of the EKW and produces over 15,000 MT fish per annum from its 264 functioning aquaculture ponds, locally called bheries (Hussan, 2016;Mandal et al, 2018). Pterygoplichthys spp.…”

“…Pterygoplichthys pardalis, P. disjunctivus, P. multiradiatus and P. anisitsi have closely related character and are distinguished mainly based on their ventral spot patterns (Armbruster and Page, 2006). However, due to natural or artificial hybridization large number of these species with intermediate ventral spot patterns coexists in nature, which further complicated the identification of these fishes to species level (Wu et al, 2011;Nico et al, 2012;Hussan et al, 2018). It has been surmised that, two species of the genus, the Amazon sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855) and the vermiculated sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (C. Weber, 1991) are present in the EKW (Hussan et al, 2018).…”

“…However, due to natural or artificial hybridization large number of these species with intermediate ventral spot patterns coexists in nature, which further complicated the identification of these fishes to species level (Wu et al, 2011;Nico et al, 2012;Hussan et al, 2018). It has been surmised that, two species of the genus, the Amazon sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855) and the vermiculated sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (C. Weber, 1991) are present in the EKW (Hussan et al, 2018). Tonnes of these fishes were brought to the land everyday during commercial fishing in EKW and also their occurrences and catch have been reported from many other parts of the country (Hussan et al, 2019;Sinha et al, 2010).…”

Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture: A Case Study in Turkey

“…It was found that wastewater-fed aquaculture in some of these studies could be used for human and animal food [6][7][8][9][10]. The major freshwater fish species used in this area include Labeo rohita (rohu), Catla catla (catla), Cirrhinusmrigala (mrigal), Oreochromis mossambicus (tilapia), and C. carpio (common carp) [10], black bass (Micropterus salmoides), big head (Aristichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), tench (tinca tinca), kissing gouramy (Helostoma tem,nincko), silver barb (Puntius gonionotus), nilem carp (Osteochilus hasseltil) and giant gourami (Osphronemusg oramy) [4].…”