Recycling of tungsten carbide scrap metal: A review of recycling methods and future prospects

Shemi, A.; Magumise, A.; Ndlovu, Sehliselo; Sacks, Natasha

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2018.03.036

Cited by 102 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The anionic-nonionic assembled collector was composed of sodium oleate and oleamide with a mole ratio of 2:1. The froth and tailing were filtrated, dried, and weighed to obtain a recovery according to Equation (1). The flotation procedure of mixed minerals was similar to that of the single mineral flotation experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Separating Scheelite from Calcite and Fluorite Using an Anionic–Nonionic Collector

Kang

Sun

et al. 2019

Minerals

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This study presents a highly selective reagent system that utilizes sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) to improve the separation of scheelite from calcite and fluorite using an anionic–nonionic collector. The recoveries of calcite and fluorite decreased to 20% as the SHMP dose exceeded 6 × 10−6 mol/L, whereas that of scheelite remained at 85%. The interaction mechanisms of minerals with SHMP were investigated through equilibrium speciation, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. SHMP exists as hydrogen phosphate anion in the aqueous solution with a pH of 7–12. Moreover, it may be adsorbed intensively on the positively charged surfaces of calcite and fluorite via electrostatic force or chelation with calcium ion to impede further adsorption of the assembled collector. By comparison, the adsorption of SHMP is feeble on the scheelite surface because of its negative charge. The roughing grade of low-grade scheelite ore is substantially improved from 0.74% to 1.65% compared with that in the contrast test in the absence of SHMP.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tungsten is widely used in the industrial production of high-performance alloys and electro-optical materials because of its excellent properties [1,2]. According to the 2016 report in the United States Geological Survey [3], the mine production of tungsten worldwide was 87,000 tons in 2015, of which 71,000 tons were supplied by China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Separating Scheelite from Calcite and Fluorite Using an Anionic–Nonionic Collector

Kang

Sun

et al. 2019

Minerals

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“…The glass waste has potential application to use as an aggregate in construction (Mohajerani et al, 2017;Mohammadinia et al, 2019), as a low-cost adsorbent material four thin layer chromatography techniques (Ying et al, 2009;Sharma et al, 2020) and in removal and recovery of phosphate from water (Jiang et al, 2017). The waste metal scrap can be recycled over and over again as its properties are not altered and can also be transformed into new metals, as a coating material and in the production of concrete as a partial replacement of sand (Andersson et al, 2017;Shemi et al, 2018;Melugiri-Shankaramurthy et al, 2019). Hence, the recovery of various inert waste material can be a promising solution for IHR.…”

Section: Inert Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Waste Management in Indian Himalayan Region: Current Scenario, Resource Recovery, and Way Forward for Sustainable Development

et al. 2021

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With the growing population, solid waste management (SWM) is becoming a significant environmental challenge and an emerging issue, especially in the eco-sensitive Indian Himalayan region (IHR). Though IHR does not host high local inhabitants, growing tourist footfall in the IHR increases solid wastes significantly. The lack of appropriate SWM facilities has posed a serious threat to the mountain-dwelling communities. SWM is challenging in the highlands due to the remoteness, topographical configuration, increasing urbanization, and harsh climate compared to plain areas. Difficulty in managing SWM has led to improper disposal methods, like open dumping and open burning of waste, that are adversely affecting the fragile IHR ecosystem. Open dumping of unsegregated waste pollutes the freshwater streams, and burning releases major pollutants often linked to the glacier melt. Processes like composting, vermicomposting, and anaerobic digestion to treat biodegradable wastes are inefficient due to the regions' extreme cold conditions. IHR specific SWM rules were revised in 2016 to deal with the rising problem of SWM, providing detailed criteria for setting up solid waste treatment facilities and promoting waste-to-energy (WtE). Despite governments' effort to revise SWM; measures like proper collection, segregation, treatment, and solid waste disposal needs more attention in the IHR. Door-to-door collection, segregation at source, covered transportation, proper treatment, and disposal are the primary steps to resource recovery across the IHR. Approaches such as waste recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and gas recovery from landfills are essential for waste alteration into valuable products initiatives like 'ban on single-use plastic' and 'polluters to pay' have a potential role in proper SWM in the IHR. Research and technology, capacity building, mass awareness programs, and initiatives like ‘ban on single-use plastic’ and ‘polluters to pay’ have a potential role in proper SWM in the IHR. This review highlights the current status of waste generation, the current SWM practices, and SWM challenges in the IHR. The review also discusses the possible resource recovery from waste in the IHR, corrective measures introduced by the government specific to IHR and, the way forward for improved SWM for achieving sustainable development of the IHR.

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“…Recycling methods for the recovery of tungsten carbide tools are divided into three main categories [21][22][23]: the direct methods in which the scraps are transformed into powders with the same composition (usually reserved for high purity grades); the indirect methods in which the scraps are converted into intermediate products, mainly into APT-ammonium paratungstate (e.g., electrochemical processes [23][24][25], chlorination [26,27]); and the semiindirect methods which involve a selective dissolution of one component, generally the binder (e.g., acid leaching or selective electro-dissolution [28][29][30][31]). Direct methods present many advantages (high recovery rates, good quality of the powders, good grain materials) but some drawbacks (difficult separation of the binder and need for costly materials and equipment).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Processing of a Recycled WC–Co Powder: Can It Compete with Conventional WC–Co Powders?

Mégret

Vitry

Delaunois

2021

J. Sustain. Metall.

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Cemented carbide tools suffer from many issues due to the use of tungsten and cobalt as raw materials. Indeed, those are listed by the European Commission as “critical raw materials” since 2011 and by the US Department of Interior as “critical minerals” in 2018. To remain competitive with the conventional high-speed steels, less performant but cheaper, WC–Co tools can be recycled. In the present paper, a WC–7.5Co powder, recycled by the “Coldstream” process, has been sintered with vacuum sintering. As preliminary experiments have shown that the sinterability of the powder is low, the sintering temperature was set at 1500 °C to achieve full density. In parallel, the influence of ball milling conditions (rotation speed and milling medium) on the reactivity of the recycled powder has been studied in terms of grain size distribution, hardness, and fracture toughness. The optimized milling conditions were found to be 6 h wet milling, leading to a hardness of about 1870 HV30 and a toughness of about 10.5 MPa√m after densification. The recycled powder can thus totally compete with conventional powders, opening avenues for the recycling of cemented carbide tools. Graphical Abstract

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Recycling of tungsten carbide scrap metal: A review of recycling methods and future prospects

Cited by 102 publications

References 22 publications

Utilization of Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Separating Scheelite from Calcite and Fluorite Using an Anionic–Nonionic Collector

Utilization of Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Separating Scheelite from Calcite and Fluorite Using an Anionic–Nonionic Collector

Solid Waste Management in Indian Himalayan Region: Current Scenario, Resource Recovery, and Way Forward for Sustainable Development

Study of the Processing of a Recycled WC–Co Powder: Can It Compete with Conventional WC–Co Powders?

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