Recycling waste materials to produce self-sensing concretes for smart and sustainable structures: A review

Monitoring damage of concrete beams via self-sensing cement mortar coating with carbon nanotube-nano carbon black composite fillers

“…Typical NDT techniques include the rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity techniques, acoustic emission (AE), computed tomography, radiography, infrared thermography, vibrations, etc, among which, AE techniques applied for effectively detecting the corrosion of concrete structures at an early state, estimating the residual strength of corroding structures, as well as evaluating the reinforcement effectiveness in steel fiber reinforced concrete (Mpalaskas et al, 2021) have gained increasing attention (Aggelis et al, 2015). Different from external conventional SHM techniques including fiber optic, fiber Bragg grating, piezoelectric and electrochemical sensors, intrinsic self-sensing concrete has become an attractive option due to its easier installation, low fabrication costs, good compatibility with host concrete structures and identical life span with concrete structures (Ding et al, 2019; Han et al, 2015a; Nalon et al, 2022). Intrinsic self-sensing concrete principally fabricated through the inclusion of various conductive fillers is capable of sensing strain/deformation, stress/external force, crack and damage (Bekzhanova et al, 2021; Han et al, 2015a; Ramachandran et al, 2022; Tian et al, 2019), the loss of prestressing stress (Lee et al, 2019), corrosion progression (Rao and Sasmal, 2022), and even chloride penetration (Tafesse et al, 2022).…”

Triboelectric Nanogenerator‐Enabled Digital Twins in Civil Engineering Infrastructure 4.0: A Comprehensive Review

“…This technology has proven to be beneficial in enhancing the design, construction, and maintenance processes, as seen in Figure 2 . [ 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ] Digital twins are utilized in the design phase to generate precise digital representations of actual elements. The utilization of past experience data, real‐time data, and simulation techniques can provide valuable support to civil engineers in the optimization of designs, assessment of the performance and behavior of various alternatives, and early identification of potential issues through the use of digital models.…”

Study of the Structure and Properties of Electrical Sand Concrete under Prolonged Exposure to Sulfate Environment

“…In the new context, traditional elements not only perform their basic function, but also include additional properties. For example, sidewalk and road surfaces integrate a resistive heating system for snow melting [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], increase the protective properties of concrete from electrochemical corrosion of reinforcement and form a negative potential at the mineral matrix [ 4 ], as well as install additional sensors for static [ 4 ] and dynamic [ 5 ] control of reinforced concrete structures [ 6 ] with the ability to detect cracks [ 4 ] and track dynamics of their changes.…”

“…To date, it is established that the rate of corrosion decreases with an increase in the specific resistance of concrete used under normal environmental conditions. At the same time, ambiguous results were obtained for structures used in a hydrosulfate environment [ 2 , 5 , 6 , 22 ]. The differences in the published results can be explained by the practiced methods of testing corrosion resistance, which are often carried out by exposing small samples to highly concentrated solutions of sulfates at elevated temperatures, which distorts the physicochemical processes, increasing the possibility of obtaining unreliable results [ 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”