Red Blood Cell-Mimicking Synthetic Biomaterial Particles: The New Frontier of Blood Doping?

Lippi, Giuseppe; Franchini, Massimo; Banfi, Giuseppe

doi:10.1055/s-0030-1247540

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although the diameter of RBC is much larger than capillary blood vessels, it can flow through capillaries and circulate long-term in the human body due to its ability to deform and squeeze through restrictions in the vasculature and then recover to its initial shape after passing through capillaries. , These unique physical and chemical properties in terms of size, shape, flexibility, and chemical composition are essential to their biological functions . Inspired by the unique ability of this cell, researchers seek to design and synthesize RBC-like particles to perform important and complex tasks in the biological entities. ,,, Therefore, artificial fabrication of RBC-like particles could advance the frontier of functional materials. Generally, three approaches have been developed to synthesize nonspherical colloidal particles, including deformation of spherical particles, lithography combining with microfluidics, , and emulsion polymerization. , However, the above fabrications of RBC-like particles can be either tedious or only get nanosized particles, while RBC-like particles prepared in low-polar or nonpolar medium were rarely reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Synthesis of Monodisperse Red Blood Cell (RBC)-Like Polymer Particles

et al. 2016

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Red blood cell (RBC)-like particles have shown great interest as a model for the understanding of the cell behavior and as promising biomaterials in targeted drug delivery. In this study, a simple and versatile route was proposed for the large-scale synthesis of monodisperse and well-defined RBC-like PS particles using divinylbenzene (DVB) as the cross-linker and ethanol as reaction medium. RBC-like particles were obtained due to the asymmetric shrinkage of a cross-linked network during the phase separation process. An ordered self-assembly monolayer with the concave facing up at the air−water interface was also demonstrated.

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confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Synthesis of Monodisperse Red Blood Cell (RBC)-Like Polymer Particles

et al. 2016

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“…A sudden reassurance of autologous blood transfusions (i.e., correspondence between donor and receiver) occurred in the 2000s as a consequence of the development of reliable tests for detecting rHuEpo and related substances. The current history of blood doping is hence based on both autologous blood transfusions and novel blood boosting substances, such as continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) (42) or simulated altitude environments (43) , whereas erythrocyte-mimicking synthetic biomaterial particles (44) and gene doping (45) may represent additional threats for the future (46) .…”

Section: Laboratory Medicine and Doping In Sports Historical And Contmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory medicine and sports: between Scylla and Charybdis

Lippi

Banfi

Botrè

et al. 2012

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Laboratory medicine is complex and contributes to the diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and follow-up of acquired and inherited human disorders. The regular practice of physical exercise provides important benefits in heath and disease and sports medicine is thereby receiving growing focus from almost each and every clinical discipline, including laboratory medicine. Sport-laboratory medicine is a relatively innovative branch of laboratory science, which can provide valuable contributions to the diagnosis and follow-up of athletic injuries, and which is acquiring a growing clinical significance to support biomechanics and identify novel genomics and "exercisenomics" patterns that can help identify specific athlete's tendency towards certain types of sport traumas and injuries. Laboratory medicine can also provide sport physicians and coaches with valuable clues about personal inclination towards a certain sport, health status, fitness and nutritional deficiencies of professional, elite and recreational athletes in order to enable a better and earlier prediction of sport injuries, overreaching and overtraining. Finally, the wide armamentarium of laboratory tests represents the milestone for identifying cheating athletes in the strenuous fight against doping in sports.

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“…49,50 Specifically, the term ''blood boosting'' has conventionally been used to identify the administration of blood components, while ''blood doping'' has instead been referred to the administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating substances. As such, induced erythrocythemia can globally be achieved through administration of Epo and analogs (i.e., epoetin-a, -b, -g, and -d, darbepoetin-a or novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein [NESP], and continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator [CERA]) and hemotransfusion in the form of homologous or autologous blood, 51 as well as by RBC-mimicking synthetic biomaterial particles, 52 artificial intermittent hypoxic training or administration of hypoxic and normobaric gas mixtures, 53 chemical inducers of hypoxia-like responses such as cobalt chloride, 54 hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), perfluorocarbons, allosteric hemoglobin modulators, and, at least theoretically, by genetic engineering (i.e., gene doping) (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Doping and Thrombosis In Sports/lippi Banfimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, some of their potential adverse effects are easily predictable from their biology and structure and include renal toxicity, platelet hyperaggregability, vasoconstrictor response, as well as autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. 52…”

Section: Esas and Venous Thrombosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

Lippi

Banfi

2011

Semin Thromb Hemost

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Historically, humans have long sought to enhance their "athletic" performance to increase body weight, aggressiveness, mental concentration and physical strength, contextually reducing fatigue, pain, and improving recovery. Although regular training is the mainstay for achieving these targets, the ancillary use of ergogenic aids has become commonplace in all sports. The demarcation between ergogenic aids and doping substances or practices is continuously challenging and mostly based on perceptions regarding the corruption of the fairness of competition and the potential side effects or adverse events arising from the use of otherwise unnecessary ergogenic substances. A kaleidoscope of side effects has been associated with the use of doping agents, including behavioral, skeletal, endocrinologic, metabolic, hemodynamic, and cardiovascular imbalances. Among the various doping substances, the most striking association with thrombotic complications has been reported for androgenic anabolic steroids (i.e., cardiomyopathy, fatal and nonfatal arrhythmias, myocardial infarction [MI], intracardiac thrombosis, stroke, venous thromboembolism [VTE], limb arterial thrombosis, branch retinal vein occlusion, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) and blood boosting (i.e., VTE and MI, especially for epoetin and analogs). The potential thrombotic complication arising from misuse of other doping agents such as the administration of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, cocaine, and platelet-derived preparations is instead speculative or anecdotal at best. The present article provides an overview on the epidemiological association as well as the underlying biochemical and biological mechanisms linking the practice of doping in sports with the development of thrombosis.

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Red Blood Cell-Mimicking Synthetic Biomaterial Particles: The New Frontier of Blood Doping?

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Large-Scale Synthesis of Monodisperse Red Blood Cell (RBC)-Like Polymer Particles

Large-Scale Synthesis of Monodisperse Red Blood Cell (RBC)-Like Polymer Particles

Laboratory medicine and sports: between Scylla and Charybdis

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

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