Red Cell Antigens of Primates1

Blood Groups of the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata)

“…Review of information on blood groups of primate animals reveals that the anthropoid apes, with the exception of the gorillas, have homologues of the human A-B-O blood groups which are virtually indistinguishable sero logically from those of man [5,16]. All gorillas tested, whether mountain or lowland, have proved to be group B, although their red cells fail to agglu tinate with anti-B reagents [11].…”

“…However, their human-type A-B-O blood groups are quite independent of the B-like agglutinogen on the red cells as can be demonstrated by testing their saliva and serum. Our studies on New World monkeys have been less intensive than on Old World monkeys be cause of the unavailability of such animals for blood grouping studies [5]. The most detailed tests were carried out by us on marmosets; all 31 animals of various species tested reacted as group A (A and H in saliva, and usually anti-B in serum), quite independent of the B-like agglutinogen on their red cells [17].…”

Blood Groups of Crab-Eating Macaques (Macaco fascicularis) Demonstrated by Isoimmune Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Sera

“…A practical point is that antisera prepared for typing red cells of one species of primates can also be used for typing red cells of other primates of related species as demonstrated already in our previous work on several species [4,11], Of course, the existence of spontaneously occurring nonspecif ic heteroagglutinins must be taken into account when conducting such ex periments. To taxonomists it is noteworthy that the phenomenon of cross reactivity has been observed for two species of animals like rhesus monkeys and crab-eating macaques which differ so strikingly in their human-type A-B-O groups.…”

The First Isoimmune Blood Group System of Rhesus Monkeys <i>(Macaca mulatta):</i> the Graded Drh System

“…Our methods of immunization and blood typ ing have been described in detail in previous re ports [4,15,22] and only their most salient fea tures will be mentioned here. The initial immuni zation is by intramuscular injection into multiple sites of 1 ml of equal parts of washed, packed red cells and complete Freund's adjuvant, thoroughly mixed in a special shaker until a drop of the so obtained homogenate remains as a round ball when tested by placing on a surface of water.…”