Red clover extracts inhibit legume proteolysis

Jones, B.A.; Muck, R. E.; Hatfield, Ronald D.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740670309

Cited by 99 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Strategies for reducing N 2 O emissions should, therefore, also focus on improving the efficiency of N cycling through the soil-plant-animal system. Reducing the amount of N in the diet and the solubility of dietary N (Jones et al 1995) are two approaches which will reduce N losses in the urine.…”

Section: Nitrous Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock production in a changing climate: adaptation and mitigation research in Australia

Charmley²,

et al. 2012

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Abstract.Climate change presents a range of challenges for animal agriculture in Australia. Livestock production will be affected by changes in temperature and water availability through impacts on pasture and forage crop quantity and quality, feed-grain production and price, and disease and pest distributions. This paper provides an overview of these impacts and the broader effects on landscape functionality, with a focus on recent research on effects of increasing temperature, changing rainfall patterns, and increased climate variability on animal health, growth, and reproduction, including through heat stress, and potential adaptation strategies. The rate of adoption of adaptation strategies by livestock producers will depend on perceptions of the uncertainty in projected climate and regional-scale impacts and associated risk. However, management changes adopted by farmers in parts of Australia during recent extended drought and associated heatwaves, trends consistent with long-term predicted climate patterns, provide some insights into the capacity for practical adaptation strategies.Animal production systems will also be significantly affected by climate change policy and national targets to address greenhouse gas emissions, since livestock are estimated to contribute~10% of Australia's total emissions and 8-11% of global emissions, with additional farm emissions associated with activities such as feed production. More than two-thirds of emissions are attributed to ruminant animals. This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities facing livestock industries in Australia in adapting to and mitigating climate change. It examines the research needed to better define practical options to reduce the emissions intensity of livestock products, enhance adaptation opportunities, and support the continued contribution of animal agriculture to Australia's economy, environment, and regional communities.

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Section: Nitrous Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock production in a changing climate: adaptation and mitigation research in Australia

Charmley²,

et al. 2012

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“…PPO and lipid protection PPO in red clover has been found to play a role in the reduced degradation of proteins in red clover silages (Jones et al, 1995;Sullivan and Hatfield, 2006). It has also been linked with lower rates of plant lipolysis as tested in vitro (Lee et al, 2004).…”

Section: Ppo Activation In Red Clovermentioning

confidence: 99%

Red clover polyphenol oxidase and lipid metabolism

Ranst

Lee

Fievez

2011

Animal

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Increasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of milk is acknowledged to be of benefit to consumer health. Despite the high PUFA content of forages, milk fat contains only about 3% of PUFA and only about 0.5% of n-3 fatty acids. This is mainly due to intensive lipid metabolism in the rumen (lipolysis and biohydrogenation) and during conservation (lipolysis and oxidation) such as drying (hay) and ensiling (silage). In red clover, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has been suggested to protect lipids against degradation, both in the silage as well as in the rumen, leading to a higher output of PUFA in ruminant products (meat and milk). PPO mediates the oxidation of phenols and diphenols to quinones, which will readily react with nucleophilic binding sites. Such binding sites can be found on proteins, resulting in the formation of protein-bound phenols. This review summarizes the different methods that have been used to assess PPO activity in red clover, and an overview on the current understanding of PPO activity and activation in red clover. Knowledge on these aspects is of major importance to fully harness PPO's lipid-protecting role. Furthermore, we review the studies that evidence PPO-mediated lipid protection and discuss its possible importance in lab-scale silages and further in an in vitro rumen system. It is demonstrated that high (induction of) PPO activity can lead to lower lipolysis in the silage and lower biohydrogenation in the rumen. There are three hypotheses on its working mechanism: (i) protein-bound phenols could directly bind to enzymes (e.g. lipases) as such inhibiting them; (ii) binding of quinones in and between proteins embedded in a lipid membrane (e.g. in the chloroplast) could lead to encapsulation of the lipids; (iii) direct binding of quinones to nucleophilic sites in polar lipids also could lead to protection. There is no exclusive evidence on which mechanism is most important, although there are strong indications that only lipid encapsulation in protein-phenol complexes would lead to an effective protection of lipids against ruminal biohydrogenation. From several studies it has also become apparent that the degree of PPO activation could influence the mode and degree of protection. In conclusion, this review demonstrates that protein-bound phenols and encapsulation in protein-phenol complexes, induced by PPO-mediated diphenol oxidation, could be of interest when aiming to protect lipids against pre-ruminal and ruminal degradation.Keywords: red clover, polyphenol oxidase, lipid metabolism, rumen, silage ImplicationsPolyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an enzyme that has been found to be active in red clover. There is a whole range of recent studies exploring possibilities of using this enzyme to protect membrane lipids against degradation in the forage during storage and in the rumen of ruminants. Protection of lipids against degradation is of importance as it could help to improve the fatty acid profile of ruminant products, with respect to consumer health. This review aims to summarize...

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“…Decreases in microbial-N flow have been attributed to the action of PPO, an active enzyme in red clover, which has been shown to lower protein losses in silo (Jones et al, 1995) and also enhance the flow of dietary-N to the duodenum due to the formation of complex protein-phenol matrices (Igarashi and Yasui, 1985). Whilst there were no significant differences in the duodenal flow of microbial-N or EMPS between animals offered red clover silage and grass silage in the present experiment, the proportion of microbial-N in total N at the duodenum was higher on the grass silage diets compared with red clover silage diets (0.50 v. 0.40), suggesting a higher contribution of dietary-N to total N flow in steers fed red clover silage.…”

Section: Rumen Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed grass or red clover silages

Lee

Shingfield

Tweed

et al. 2008

Animal

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Red clover and fish oil (FO) are known to alter ruminal lipid biohydrogenation leading to an increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of ruminant-derived foods, respectively. The potential to exploit these beneficial effects were examined using eight Hereford 3 Friesian steers fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae. Treatments consisted of grass silage or red clover silage fed at 90% of ad libitum intake and FO supplementation at 0, 10, 20 or 30 g/kg diet dry matter (DM). The experiment was conducted with two animals per FO level and treatments formed extraperiod Latin squares. Flows of fatty acids at the duodenum were assessed using ytterbium acetate and chromium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid as indigestible markers. Intakes of DM were higher (P , 0.001) for red clover silage than grass silage (5.98 v. 5.09 kg/day). There was a linear interaction effect (P 5 0.004) to FO with a reduction in DM intake in steers fed red clover silage supplemented with 30 g FO/kg diet DM. Apparent ruminal biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were lower (P , 0.001) for red clover silage than grass silage (0.83 and 0.79 v. 0.87 and 0.87, respectively), whilst FO increased the extent of biohydrogenation on both diets. Ruminal biohydrogenation of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 was extensive on both silage diets, averaging 0.94 and 0.97, respectively. Inclusion of FO in the diet enhanced the flow of total CLA leaving the rumen with an average across silages of 0.22, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.44 g/day for 0, 10, 20 or 30 g FO/kg, respectively, with a linear interaction effect between the two silages (P 5 0.03). FO also showed a dose-dependent increase in the flow of trans-C18:1 intermediates at the duodenum from 4.6 to 15.0 g/day on grass silage and from 9.4 to 22.5 g/day for red clover silage. Concentrations of trans-C18:1 with double bonds from D 4-16 in duodenal digesta were all elevated in response to FO in both diets, with trans-11 being the predominant isomer. FO inhibited the complete biohydrogenation of dietary PUFA on both diets, whilst red clover increased the flow of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 compared with grass silage. In conclusion, supplementing red clover silage-based diets with FO represents a novel nutritional strategy for enhancing the concentrations of beneficial fatty acids in ruminant milk and meat.

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Red clover extracts inhibit legume proteolysis

Cited by 99 publications

References 9 publications

Livestock production in a changing climate: adaptation and mitigation research in Australia

Livestock production in a changing climate: adaptation and mitigation research in Australia

Red clover polyphenol oxidase and lipid metabolism

Effect of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed grass or red clover silages

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