Red phosphorus: A rising star of anode materials for advanced K-ion batteries

Huang, Xiang Long; Zhao, Feiyun; Qi, Yu; Qiu, Yun; Chen, Jun Song; Liu, Huan; Dou, Shi Xue; Wang, Zhiming M.

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.030

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…17−20 The high-temperature sodium−sulfur batteries possess high theoretical energy densities but bring in huge and uncontrollable safety hazards, possibly leading to a fire and even explosion. 21,22 Although the intermediate temperatures are able to lower the safety risks to some extent, the safety risks cannot be completely eliminated, and there still exists much possibility to trigger unforeseen accidents, as the metallic Na anode is present in the molten state at such temperatures. 23 In contrast, RT Na−S batteries can avert the safety issues through adopting ambient operation temperatures as well as offering an energy density considerably higher than those of the high temperature and intermediate temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among emerging energy storage systems like sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and lithium–sulfur batteries, sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries are very promising to become a good alternative of LIBs, as Na–S batteries not only integrate high elemental abundance and inexpensive prices of both elemental Na and S but also exhibit outstanding theoretical energy densities of 1274 W h kg –1 based the final product Na 2 S, which is relatively lower than that of Li–S batteries (2600 W h kg –1 , the final product is Li 2 S) but higher than that of LIBs. , The sodium–sulfur batteries are usually classified into high-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries (150–350 °C), intermediate-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries (150–200 °C), and room-temperature sodium–sulfur (RT Na–S) batteries (25–60 °C), according to the range of operating temperatures. − The high-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries possess high theoretical energy densities but bring in huge and uncontrollable safety hazards, possibly leading to a fire and even explosion. , Although the intermediate temperatures are able to lower the safety risks to some extent, the safety risks cannot be completely eliminated, and there still exists much possibility to trigger unforeseen accidents, as the metallic Na anode is present in the molten state at such temperatures . In contrast, RT Na–S batteries can avert the safety issues through adopting ambient operation temperatures as well as offering an energy density considerably higher than those of the high temperature and intermediate temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanostructure Engineering Strategies of Cathode Materials for Room-Temperature Na–S Batteries

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Room-temperature sodium−sulfur (RT Na−S) batteries are considered to be a competitive electrochemical energy storage system, due to their advantages in abundant natural reserves, inexpensive materials, and superb theoretical energy density. Nevertheless, RT Na−S batteries suffer from a series of critical challenges, especially on the S cathode side, including the insulating nature of S and its discharge products, volumetric fluctuation of S species during the (de)sodiation process, shuttle effect of soluble sodium polysulfides, and sluggish conversion kinetics. Recent studies have shown that nanostructural designs of S-based materials can greatly contribute to alleviating the aforementioned issues via their unique physicochemical properties and architectural features. In this review, we review frontier advancements in nanostructure engineering strategies of S-based cathode materials for RT Na−S batteries in the past decade. Our emphasis is focused on delicate and highly efficient design strategies of material nanostructures as well as interactions of component−structure−property at a nanosize level. We also present our prospects toward further functional engineering and applications of nanostructured S-based materials in RT Na−S batteries and point out some potential developmental directions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructure Engineering Strategies of Cathode Materials for Room-Temperature Na–S Batteries

et al. 2022

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Unfortunately, the practical utilization of RP is hampered by the two major deficiencies: (i) low intrinsic electrical conductivity (1 × 10 -14 S cm -1 ), which makes electrochemical redox reactions become difficult, limiting the high-rate capability; and (ii) unconstrained volume expansion during Li + /Na + insertion and extraction process, which triggers the irreversible mastication of active materials, impairing the long-cycling stability. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Reasonable structural design and material engineering are the keys to solving the inherent obstacles of RP. However, (denoted as Cu-OMC) came into being.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring Ordered Porous Carbon Embedded with Cu Clusters for High‐Energy and Long‐Lasting Phosphorus Anode

Xiao

Cai

Muhmood

et al. 2022

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most porous carbon families only possess a single pore-type structure, [14][15][16][17][18] which makes it difficult to meet the demands due to the blockage of the simplex porous channels caused by the infiltration of RP and unsatisfied RP loading, leading to poor cycling properties. Micro-mesoporous nanostructure is beneficial to capture RP and increase the effective contact area. [19][20][21] But, the uncontrollable and disordered distribution of pores causes the heterogeneous size and agglomeration of RP, hindering the ion diffusion, and low pore volume cannot alleviate the drastic volume changes. Thus, constructing interconnected and ordered porous carbon host to exclusively confine RP and affording adequate space to clamp the volume expansion, is an effective strategy to respond to critical requirements for designing ideal carbon scaffolds as well as infiltration technology. Another hurdle that impedes the high-rate capacity of RP/C composites is that the porous carbon usually provides inferior electrical conductivity because of the sp 3hybridized CC bonding and amorphous state, leading to sluggish solid-state diffusion processes. [21] The most popular tactic is the engineering of the carbonaceous nanomaterials through iodine (I), boron(B), and nitrogen (N) doping, which could improve the reactivity and conductivity of carbon by creating heteroatoms defects. [22][23][24] Non-metallic heteroatom doping may increase the active sites in the carbon skeleton but may also create an intrinsic hurdle against charge transfer. In contrast, doping metal into the carbon supports can greatly improve its electrical conductivity as well as generate more active sites. Among them, Cu, which naturally owns the second-highest conductivity, [25] only 6% lower than the Ag, is a good choice for non-noble metal doping. Nevertheless, because metal tends to be located on the external surface of carbon in the form of aggregated particles, ions must pass through an intricate island-like structure byway to react with the guest RP during the discharge process, which aggravates the ionic and electrical resistance inevitably. Therefore, it is wise to reduce the particle size of Cu and nanoconfine it into the inside carbon layer of the porous matrix.Aiming to simultaneously utilize the excellent conductivity of Cu and the high porosity of porous carbon, an ideal RP immobilizer with dispersed Cu nanoclusters anchored to a trimodal porous carbon framework with periodic macroporesThe natural insulating property and notorious pulverization of volume variationinduced materials during cycling pares the electrochemical activity of red phosphorous (RP) for lithium/sodium-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs). To work out these issues, a tailored trimodal porous carbon support comprising highly ordered macropores and micro-mesoporous walls embedded with copper (Cu) nanoclusters (Cu-OMC) is proposed to confine RP. The construction of highly conductive copper-carbon wall facilitates fast electrons and ions transportation, while the interconnected and ordered po...

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“…1,2 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in these elds because of their high energy density and long cycle life. [3][4][5][6] However, LIBs are at a disadvantage in meeting the increasing demand owing to their high price, uneven geological distribution, and shortage of Li resources. 7,8 Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are considered promising alternatives to LIBs because of their abundant reserves, the relatively low price of potassium resources, and their similar standard redox potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel strategy for encapsulating metal sulfide nanoparticles inside hollow carbon nanosphere-aggregated microspheres for efficient potassium ion storage

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Red phosphorus: A rising star of anode materials for advanced K-ion batteries

Cited by 33 publications

References 95 publications

Nanostructure Engineering Strategies of Cathode Materials for Room-Temperature Na–S Batteries

Nanostructure Engineering Strategies of Cathode Materials for Room-Temperature Na–S Batteries

Tailoring Ordered Porous Carbon Embedded with Cu Clusters for High‐Energy and Long‐Lasting Phosphorus Anode

A novel strategy for encapsulating metal sulfide nanoparticles inside hollow carbon nanosphere-aggregated microspheres for efficient potassium ion storage

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