existing energy supply systems mainly based on fossil fuels, the performance of the clean energy (conversion and storage) devices/systems has to be significantly improved. The electrochemical energy conversion and storage usually involves many intricate chemical reactions and physical interactions at the surface and inside of electrodes/electrolytes, and the kinetics and transport behaviors of different carriers (e.g., electrons, holes, ions, molecules) are closely associated with the materials selected for electrodes as well as the structures of electrodes. To this point, material design and structure design for electrodes have been the research focuses for improving the electrochemical performance of energy conversion and storage, which both have gained high attention from academia and industry.Along with researches for finding advanced electrode materials, much recent research efforts have been made for electrode structure design and engineering, especially when traditional macro-scale structured electrodes are showing limitations of achieving satisfying performance for energy conversion and storage. Among these efforts, electrode nanostructuring has been demonstrated as a promising way for realizing highperformance electrochemical energy conversion and storage, which attributes the distinct features of nanostructured materials differing from their bulk material counterparts. The high surface-to-volume ratios of nanostructures give large electrochemical surface areas with much more exposed atoms and hence improve the performance per unit electrode area and/or Electrochemical energy conversion and storage play crucial roles in meeting the increasing demand for renewable, portable, and affordable power supplies for society. The rapid development of nanostructured materials provides an alternative route by virtue of their unique and promising effects emerging at nanoscale. In addition to finding advanced materials, structure design and engineering of electrodes improves the electrochemical performance and the resultant commercial competitivity. Regarding the structural engineering, controlling the geometrical parameters (i.e., size, shape, heteroarchitecture, and spatial arrangement) of nanostructures and thus forming well-defined nanostructure (WDN) electrodes have been the central aspects of investigations and practical applications. This review discusses the fundamental aspects and concept of WDNs for energy conversion and storage, with a strong emphasis on illuminating the relationship between the structural characteristics and the resultant electrochemical superiorities. Key strategies for actualizing well-defined features in nanostructures are summarized. Electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis (for energy conversion) as well as metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors (for energy storage) are selected to illustrate the superiorities of WDNs in electrochemical reactions and charge carrier transportation. Finally, conclusions and perspectives regarding future research, development, and applications of WDNs...