“…However, the evolution of herbicide-resistant weedy rice has occurred faster via gene flow than via selection of de novo resistance-conferring mutation(s) in the USA (Zhang et al, 2006;Shivrain et al, 2009b), Brazil (Roso et al, 2010), Colombia (Gressel and Valverde, 2009), Costa Rica (Valverde, 2005(Valverde, , 2007, Italy (Busconi et al, 2012), Greece (Kaloumenos et al, 2013) and Uruguay (Sudianto et al, 2013). The R-WR populations that evolved via gene flow are expected to have the same resistance level as the Clearfield ® rice cultivar that was involved in the hybridization process, upon reaching a homozygous state.…”